Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted Poisson multilevel assessment of dental pain period prevalence among adolescents
City level | Unadjusted Prevalence Ratio | Adjusted Prevalence Ratio | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Human development index | (95% CI) | p-values | (95% CI) | p-values |
Less than 0.48 | reference | reference | ||
0.48 or more | 1.62 (1.43-1.84) | < 0.001 | 0.74 (0.64-0.85) | < 0.001 |
_2-loglikelihood (contextual level) | 6963.4 | |||
Individual level | Prevalence Ratio | Prevalence Ratio | ||
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | p-values | ||
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Sex | < 0.001 | |||
Boys | reference | reference | ||
Girls | 1.62 (1.43-1.84) | 1.67 (1.48-1.89) | ||
Age (years) | 0.064 | |||
12 | reference | reference | ||
15 | 1.08 (0.93-1.25) | 1.14 (0.99-1.30) | ||
Skin color/race | < 0.001 | |||
Whites | reference | reference | ||
Dark-skinned blacks | 1.52 (1.24-1.85) | 1.52 (1.25-1.85) | ||
Light-skinned blacks | 1.71 (1.46-2.00) | 1.69 (1.47-1.95) | ||
Asian descendants | 0.82 (0.47-1.40) | 0.83 (0.46-1.48) | ||
Amerindians | 1.42 (078-2.59) | 1.46 (0.84-2.53) | ||
_2-loglikelihood (contextual level + demographic characteristics) | 6824.1 | |||
Socioeconomic status | ||||
Per capita family income | 0.022 | |||
< 1/4 BMW* | reference | reference | ||
1/4 to 1/2 BMW* | 0.88 (0.74-1.05) | 0.95 (0.82-1.12) | ||
≥ 1/2 BMW* | 0.45 (0.37-0.55) | 0.71 (0.59-0.87) | ||
Not informed | 0.65 (0.55-0.76) | 0.89 (0.75-1.05) | ||
Father Educational level (years of study) | 0.076 | |||
< 8 | reference | reference | ||
8 |-- 11 | 0.78 (0.65-0.93) | 0.92 (0.77-1.10) | ||
≥ 11 | 0.46 (0.38-0.56) | 0.75 (0.64-0.88) | ||
Not informed | 0.65 (0.55-0.76) | 0.93 (0.76-1.13) | ||
Mother Educational level (years of study) | 0.038 | |||
< 8 | reference | Reference | ||
8 |-- 11 | 0.75 (0.64-0.87) | 0.87 (0.75-1.01) | ||
≥ 11 | 0.48 (0.39-0.59) | 0.80 (0.67-0.96) | ||
Not informed | 0.73 (0.61-0.88) | 0.85 (0.66-1.11) | ||
Type of school | < 0.001 | |||
Public | reference | reference | ||
Private | 0.33 (0.22-0.50) | 0.50 (0.34-0.73) | ||
_2-loglikelihood (contextual level + demographic + socioeconomic characteristics) | 6717.5 | |||
Dental status | ||||
Untreated dental caries | < 0.001 | |||
None | reference | reference | ||
≥ 1 teeth | 2.73 (2.35-3.14) | 1.89 (1.63-2.19) | ||
Endodontic treatment need | < 0.001 | |||
None | reference | reference | ||
≥ 1 teeth | 3.38 (2.95-3.87) | 1.93 (1.70-2.20) | ||
_2-loglikelihood (contextual level + demographic + socioeconomic + dental characteristics) | 6464.4 |