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Table 3 Relationships between covariates and dental utilization outcome measures

From: The relationship between body system-based chronic conditions and dental utilization for Medicaid-enrolled children: a retrospective cohort study

 

Any dental care use in 2006

Diagnostic dental care use in 2006

Preventive dental care use in 2006

Routine restorative dental care use in 2006

Complex restorative dental care use in 2006

 

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

 

n = 10,846 (41.7)

 n = 15,147 (58.3)

n = 11,772 (45.3)

n = 14,221 (54.7)

n = 13,119 (50.5)

n = 12,874 (49.5)

n = 21,116 (81.2)

n = 4,877 (18.8)

n = 23,637 (90.9)

n = 2,356 (9.1)

Main predictor variables (chronic condition subgroups)

          

Respiratory condition

          

 No

2,017 (18.6)

2,398 (15.8)*

2,227 (18.9)

2,188 (15.4)*

2,427 (18.5)

1,988 (15.4)*

3,656 (17.3)

759 (15.6)†

4,078 (17.3)

337 (14.3)*

 Yes

8,829 (81.4)

12,749 (84.2)

9,545 (81.1)

12,033 (84.6)

10,692 (81.5)

10,886 (84.6)

17,460 (82.7)

4,118 (84.4)

19,559 (82.7)

2,019 (85.7)

Ear/nose/throat chronic condition

          

 No

3,025 (27.9)

3,940 (26.0)‡

3,336 (28.3)

3,629 (25.5)*

3,751 (28.6)

3,214 (25.0)*

5,650 (26.8)

1,315 (27.0)

6,433 (27.2)

532 (22.6)*

 Yes

7,821 (72.1)

11,207 (74.0)

8,436 (71.7)

10,592 (74.5)

9,368 (71.4)

9,660 (75.0)

15,466 (73.2)

3,562 (73.0)

17,204 (72.8)

1,824 (77.4)

Digestive condition

          

 No

6,286 (58.0)

8,473 (55.9)†

6,842 (58.1)

7,917 (55.7)*

7,555 (57.6)

7,204 (56.0)‡

11,937 (56.5)

2,822 (57.9)

13,469 (57.0)

1,290 (54.8)‡

 Yes

4,560 (42.0)

6,674 (44.1)

4,930 (41.9)

6,304 (44.3)

5,564 (42.4)

5,670 (44.0)

9,179 (43.5)

2,055 (42.1)

10,168 (43.0)

1,066 (45.2)

Musculoskeletal condition

          

 No

6,373 (58.8)

8,384 (55.4)*

6,891 (58.5)

7,866 (55.3)*

7,532 (57.4)

7,225 (56.1)‡

12,102 (57.3)

2,655 (54.4)*

13,438 (56.9)

1,319 (56.0)

 Yes

4,473 (41.2)

6,763 (44.6)

4,881 (41.5)

6,355 (44.7)

5,587 (42.6)

5,649 (43.9)

9,014 (42.7)

2,222 (45.6)

10,199 (43.1)

1,037 (44.0)

Endocrine condition

          

 No

8,508 (78.4)

11,921 (78.7)

9,249 (78.6)

11,180 (78.6)

10,272 (78.3)

10,157 (78.9)

16,408 (77.7)

4,021 (82.4)*

18,559 (78.5)

1,870 (79.4)

 Yes

2,338 (21.6)

3,226 (21.3)

2,523 (21.4)

3,041 (21.4)

2,847 (21.7)

2,717 (21.1)

4,708 (22.3)

856 (17.6)

5,078 (21.5)

486 (20.6)

Cardiovascular condition

          

 No

9,743 (89.8)

13,597 (89.8)

10,586 (89.9)

12,754 (89.7)

11,747 (89.5)

11,593 (90.0)

18,938 (89.7)

4,402 (90.3)

21,242 (89.9)

2,098 (89.0)

 Yes

1,103 (10.2)

1,550 (10.2)

1,186 (10.1)

1,467 (10.3)

1,372 (10.5)

1,281 (10.0)

2,178 (10.3)

475 (9.7)

2,395 (10.1)

258 (11.0)

Hematologic condition

          

 No

10,182 (93.9)

14,143 (93.4)

11,047 (93.8)

13,278 (93.4)

12,307 (93.8)

12,018 (93.4)

19,746 (93.5)

4,579 (93.9)

22,101 (93.5)

2,224 (94.4)

 Yes

664 (6.1)

1,004 (6.6)

725 (6.2)

943 (6.6)

812 (6.2)

856 (6.6)

1,370 (6.5)

298 (6.1)

1,536 (6.5)

132 (5.6)

Catastrophic neurological condition

          

 No

10,491 (96.7)

14,865 (98.1)*

11,386 (96.7)

13,970 (98.2)*

12,721 (97.0)

12,635 (98.1)*

20,527 (97.2)

4,829 (99.0)*

23,054 (97.5)

2,302 (97.7)

 Yes

355 (3.3)

282 (1.9)

386 (3.3)

251 (1.8)

398 (3.0)

239 (1.9)

589 (2.8)

48 (1.0)

583 (2.5)

54 (2.3)

Craniofacial condition

          

 No

10,648 (98.2)

14, 865 (98.1)*

11,386 (96.7)

13,964 (98.2)

12,864 (98.1)

12,653 (98.3)

20,703 (98.0)

4,814 (98.7)‡

23,198 (98.1)

2,319 (98.4)

 Yes

198 (1.8)

282 (1.9)

386 (3.3)

257 (1.8)

255 (1.9)

221 (1.7)

413 (2.0)

63 (1.3)

439 (1.9)

37 (1.6)

Diabetes

          

 No

10,690 (98.6)

14,952 (98.7)

11,603 (98.6)

14,039 (98.7)

12,933 (98.6)

12,709 (98.7)

20,822 (98.6)

4,820 (98.8)

23,207 (98.6)

2,335 (99.1)‡

 Yes

156 (1.4)

195 (1.3)

169 (1.4)

182 (1.3)

186 (1.4)

165 (1.3)

294 (1.4)

57 (1.2)

330 (1.4)

21 (0.9)

Ascribed factors

          

Age (years)

          

 3–7

4,023 (37.1)

5,621 (37.1)

4,287 (36.4)

5,357 (37.7)*

4,588 (35.0)

5,056 (39.3)*

7,969 (37.7)

1,675 (34.3)*

8,659 (36.6)

985 (41.8)*

 8–12

4,60 2(42.4)

6,719 (44.4)

5,042 (42.8)

6,279 (44.2)

5,424 (41.3)

5,897 (45.8)

9,208 (43.8)

2,113 (43.3)

10,218 (43.2)

1.103(46.8)

 13–14

2,221 (20.5)

2,807(18.5)

2,443 (20.8)

2,585 (18.12)

3,107 (23.7)

1,921 (14.9)

3,939 (18.7)

1,089 (22.3)

4,760 (20.1)

268 (11.4)

Sex

          

 Female

4,178 (38.5)

6,256 (41.3)*

4,544 (38.6)

5,890 (41.4)*

5,147 (39.2)

5,287(41.1)^

8,436 (40.0)

1,998 (41.0)

9,483 (40 1)

951 (40.4)

Race/ethnicity

          

 White

7,400(68.2)

10.855 (71.7)*

8,069 (68.5)

10,186 (71.6)*

9,099 (69.4)

9,156 (71.1)

14,696(69.8)

3,559 (73.0)*

16,539 (70.0)

1.716 (72.8)*

 Black

1,140 (10.5)

1,232 (8.1)

1,193 (10.1)

1,179 (8.3)

1,303 (9.9)

1,069 (8.3)

1,992 (9.4)

380 (7.8)

2,220 (9.4)

152 (6.5)

 Other

817 (7.5)

1,127 (7.4)

883 (7.5)

1,061 (7.5)*

948(72)

996 (7.7)

1,562(7.4)

382 (7.8)

1,751 (7.4)

193 (8.2)

 Missing Unknown

1,489 (13.7)

1,933 (12.8)

1,627 (13.8)

1,795 (12.6)

1,653 (13.5)

1,653 (12.8)

2,866 (13.6)

556 (11.4)

3,127 (13.2)

295 (12.5)

Chronic condition severity

          

 Episodic

7,504 (69.2)

10,521 (69.5)*

8,139 (69.1)

9,886 (69.5)*

9,037 (68.9)

8,988 (69.8)*

14,488 (68.8)

3,537 (72.5)

16,396 (69.4)

1,629 (69.1)

 Life-Long

3,019 (27.8)

4,305 (28.4)

3,279 (27.9)

4,045 (28.4)

3,705 (28.2)

3,619 (28.1)

1,992 (9.4)

1,269 (26.0)

6,654 (28.2)

670 (28.4)

 Malignancy

33 (0.3)

52 (0.3)

37 (0.3)

48 (0.3)

43 (0.3)

42 (0.3)

1,562 (7.4)

20 (0.4)

72 (0.3)

13 (0.6)

 Catastrophic

290 (2.7)

269 (1.8)

317 (2.7)

242 (1.7)

334 (2.5)

225 (1.7)

2,866 (13.6)

51 (1.0)

515 (2.2)

44 (1.9)

Proximal factors

          

Child used preventive medical care in 2005

9,391 (86.6)

13,689 (90.4)*

10,205 (86.7)

12,875 (90.5)*

11,437 (87.2)

11,643 (90.4)*

18,691 (88.5)

4,389 (90.0)†

20,969 (88.7)

2,111 (89.6)

Immediate factors

          

Child had at least one Medicaid- enrolled sibling

7,200 (66.4)

10,249 (67.7)‡

7,816 (66.4)

9,633 (67.7)‡

8,677 (66.1)

8,772 (68.1)†

13,971 (66.2)

3,478 (71.3)*

15,806 (66.9)

1,643 (69.7)†

Child had at least one Medicaid- enrolled adult

6,097 (56.2)

8,339 (55.1)

6,528 (55.5)

7,908 (55.6)

7,334 (55.9)

7,102 (55.2)

11,595 (54.9)

2,841 (58.3)*

13,036 (55.2)

1,400 (59.4)*

Immediate factor

          

Rurality

          

 Metropolitan

5,854 (54.0)

8,499 (56.1)†

6,363 (54.1)

7,990 (56.2)†

6,958 (53.0)

7,395 (57.4)*

11,631 (55.1)

2,722 (55.8)

13,007 (55.0)

1,346 (57.1)

 Urban adjacent to metropolitan

2,123 (19.6)

2,855 (18.8)

2,308 (19.6)

2,670 (18.8)

2,607 (19.9)

2,371 (18.4)

4,088 (19.4)

890 (18.2)

4,545 (19.2)

433 (18.4)

 Urban non-adjacent to metropolitan

2,275 (21.0)

2,962 (19.6)

2,456 (20.9)

2,781 (19.6)

2,802 (21.4)

2,435 (18.9)

4,264 (20.2)

973 (20.0)

4,783 (20.2)

454 (19.3)

 Rural

594 (5.5)

831 (5.5)

645 (5.5)

780 (5.5)

752 (5.7)

673 (5.2)

1,133 (5.4)

292 (6.0)

1,302 (5.5)

123 (5.2)

Distal factor

          

Child lived in a dental Health Professional Shortage Area

7,260 (66.9)

9,850 (65.0)†

7,821 (66.4)

9,289 (65.3)

8,718 (66.5)

8,392 (65.2)‡

13,898 (65.8)

3,215 (65.9)

15,566 (65.9)

1,544 (65.5)

  1. Pearson Chi Square test to evaluate bivariate relationship between model covariates and each outcome measure.
  2. * p < .0001.
  3. † p < .01.
  4. ‡ p < .05.