Table 1 Mean (SD) of individual items in the reasons for betel-quid chewing scale (RBCS)

Reinforcement construct

1.78

1.40

 1. I like the taste

1.95

1.51

.92

.75

 2. I like to have something in my mouth at all times

1.58

1.52

.92

.94

Social/cultural construct

1.26

1.08

 3. All of my friends chew

1.63

1.42

.81

.78

 4. My family members chew

1.74

1.37

.78

.73

 5. It’s rude not to chew

0.88

1.35

.83

.63

 6. People will not respect me if I don’t chew

0.73

1.27

.81

.62

Stimulation construct

2.24

1.30

 7. It relaxes me

2.54

1.41

.84

.66

 8. It gives me energy

2.51

1.52

.88

.74

 9. It helps me make decisions

1.68

1.64

.81

.79

 10. I like the way it makes me feel

2.18

1.54

.86

.85