From: The reasons for betel-quid chewing scale: assessment of factor structure, reliability, and validity
Mean CPD | Reinforcement | Social/cultural | Stimulation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chews per day (CPD) | ||||
<5 (n = 78) | 2.78 (0.88) | 1.32 (1.13)a | 0.85 (0.78)a | 1.89 (1.41)a |
5-9 (n = 87) | 6.49 (1.36) | 1.44 (1.41)ab | 1.17 (0.86)ab | 2.34 (1.22)ab |
10-15 (n = 109) | 11.59 (2.11) | 1.88 (1.45)b | 1.28 (1.15)b | 2.08 (1.32)a |
≥16 (n = 77) | 27.62 (21.91) | 2.47 (1.27)c | 1.73 (1.27)c | 2.70 (1.06)b |
Quid type | ||||
Nut alone (n = 50) | 6.94 (6.54) | 1.99 (1.26)ab | 0.93 (0.99)a | 1.42 (1.13)a |
Quid (lime, leaf, nut) (n = 69) | 9.39 (7.15) | 2.09 (1.43)a | 1.56 (1.33)b | 2.16 (1.38)b |
Quid plus tobacco (n = 232) | 13.68 (1.24) | 1.63 (1.41)b | 1.23 (1.00)ab | 2.43 (1.24)b |
Age | ||||
18-25 (n = 121) | 9.20 (6.02) | 1.40 (1.37)a | 1.24 (0.88)a | 2.34 (1.29)ab |
26-35 (n = 83) | 14.47 (23.68) | 1.83 (1.38)ab | 1.40 (1.06)a | 2.53 (1.12)a |
36-45 (n = 68) | 14.09 (9.86) | 2.00 (1.37)b | 1.36 (1.21)a | 1.97 (1.32)b |
>45 (n = 79) | 11.39 (9.56) | 2.12 (1.39)b | 1.54 (1.23)a | 2.00 (1.42)b |
Ethnicity | ||||
Chamorro (n = 121) | 9.67 (7.14) | 2.21 (1.33)ab | 1.38 (1.25)a | 1.94 (1.29)a |
Chuukese (n = 98) | 8.80 (6.90) | 0.97 (1.17)c | 1.27 (0.84)a | 3.08 (1.03)b |
Palauan (n = 76) | 14.43 (9.02) | 1.71 (1.43)a | 1.13 (1.08)a | 1.83 (1.20)a |
Yapese (n = 23) | 29.78 (41.66) | 2.72 (0.93)b | 1.00 (1.10)a | 2.23 (1.12)a |
Other (n = 33) | 10.85 (6.35) | 2.08 (1.36)ab | 1.24 (1.10)a | 1.76 (1.29)a |