Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and non-neoplastic oral diseases in Europe and the United States

Kallischnigg, Gerd; Weitkunat, Rolf; Lee, Peter N

doi:10.1186/1472-6831-8-13

Table 10 ST use and endpoints relevant to dental caries and tooth loss – evidence from the USA

From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and non-neoplastic oral diseases in Europe and the United States

Study	Endpoint	Time of Exposure^a	Statistic	Exposed	Unexposed^b	Summary of statistical tests^c
Robertson 1997 [38]	Teeth present	ST use	Mean	-	-	No significant difference
Tomar 1999 [40]	Teeth present	CT current	Mean	23.89	24.29	No significant difference^d
Tomar 1999 [40]	Teeth present	Snuff current	Mean	22.99	24.29	p < 0.005^d
Dietrich 2007 [25]	Tooth loss	CT ever	HR	-	-	HR 1.14 (1.04–1.24)^e
Greer 1983 [27]	Dental caries	ST use	%	0.0	-	"No evidence of dietary-associated caries"
Poulson 1984 [28]	Dental caries	ST use	%	0.0	-	"Tobacco-associated dental caries ...was absent"
Ernster 1990 [34]	Dental caries	ST use	%	-	-	No significant difference
Sinusas 1992 [36]	Dental caries	ST use	%	7.95	13.56	OR 0.55 (0.19–1.51)
Offenbacher 1985 [29]	Decayed, missing and filled teeth	ST use	Mean	4.05	3.32	0.05 < p < 0.1^f
Robertson 1997 [38]	Decayed or filled teeth	ST use	Mean	-	-	Higher in users (significance unknown)
Tomar 1999 [40]	Decayed or filled teeth	CT current	Mean	7.99	6.97	p < 0.05^d
Tomar 1999 [40]	Decayed or filled teeth	Snuff current	Mean	6.11	6.97	No significant difference^d
Tomar 1999 [40]	Decayed or filled coronal surfaces	CT current	Mean	19.68	17.43	No significant difference^d
Tomar 1999 [40]	Decayed or filled coronal surfaces	Snuff current	Mean	15.58	17.43	No significant difference^d
Tomar 1999 [40]	Decayed or filled root surfaces	CT current	Mean	3.84	1.05	p < 0.005^d
Tomar 1999 [40]	Decayed or filled root surfaces	Snuff current	Mean	0.86	1.05	No significant difference^d
Tomar 1999 [40]	Decayed or filled root surfaces	CT current	%	-	-	OR 4.18 (1.96–8.92)^g
Tomar 1999 [40]	Decayed or filled root surfaces	Snuff current	%	-	-	OR 0.67 (0.26–1.74)^g
Tomar 1999 [40]	Decayed root surfaces	CT current	Mean	3.24	0.88	p < 0.005^d
Tomar 1999 [40]	Decayed root surfaces	Snuff current	Mean	0.81	0.88	No significant difference

^a In all studies except two, exposure is ST use unspecified as to whether current or ever. In Tomar 1999 [40] exposure is either current CT and no other form of tobacco, or current snuff and no other form of tobacco, and in Dietrich 2007 [25] exposure ever CT
^b In all studies except two, comparison is with ST non-use. In Tomar 1999 [40] it is with never tobacco and in Dietrich 2007 [25] it is with never CT
^c All statistical tests are unadjusted for any potential confounding variable, unless otherwise indicated. Where necessary ORs and 95% CIs are calculated from the data provided in the source paper
^d Adjusted for age, and race or ethnicity
^e Hazard ratio (HR) adjusted for age, other tobacco use, race, BMI, physical activity, diabetes, profession, routine medical examination, alcohol, calorie intake, multivitamin use and Vitamin C supplement use
^f Estimated from means and standard errors given separately for subjects with and without gingivitis, between which groups no significant differences were seen associated with ST use
^g Adjusted for age, race or ethnicity, education and past-year dental visit

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ISSN: 1472-6831

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