Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants (N = 104)

Subjects (male/female; N)

36 / 16

27 / 25

0.07

Age (years; mean ± SD)

63.4 ± 13.6

58.8 ± 13.5

0.08

Current smoker (n, %)

9 (17.3 %)

6 (11.5 %)

0.40

Former and never smokers (n, %)

43 (82.7 %)

46 (88.5 %)

0.81

Fasting glucose (mg/dl, mean ± SD)

179.4 ± 80.3

100.8 ± 14.6

<0.001

HbA1c level (%, mean ± SD)

7.1 ± 1.7

5.4 ± 0.5

<0.001

BMI (kg/m², mean ± SD)

28 ± 5.9

25.8 ± 4.8

0.039