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Table 2 Association between dental health at baseline and homeboundness at follow-up (n = 4390)

From: Does poor dental health predict becoming homebound among older Japanese?

 

65–74 years old (n = 3007)

≥75 years old (n = 1383)

 

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysisa

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysisa

Age: continuous

1.12 (1.05–1.19)***

1.09(1.02–1.16)*

1.10 (1.05–1.14)***

1.10(1.05–1.15)***

Sex

    

Male

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Female

0.81 (0.58–1.14)

0.68(0.47–0.99)*

1.24 (0.91–1.71)

1.40(0.96–2.03)

Dental health

    

  ≥ 20 teeth

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

  ≤ 19 teeth with dentures

1.74 (1.16–2.59)**

1.39(0.92–2.10)

1.63 (1.06–2.50)*

1.40(0.89–2.21)

  ≤ 19 teeth without dentures

2.50 (1.45–4.31)***

1.78(1.01–3.13)*

1.70 (0.91–3.17)

1.47(0.76–2.84)

Marital status

    

 Marriage

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Widowed

1.24 (0.77–1.99)

1.21(0.67–2.19)

0.89 (0.63–1.24)

0.56(0.37–0.86)**

 Separated

1.04 (0.25–4.36)

1.08(0.24–4.79)

-

-

 Never married

1.41 (0.33–5.97)

1.09(0.23–5.16)

2.45 (0.86–7.00)

2.27(0.68–7.53)

 Other or missing

1.24 (0.77–1.99)

1.26(0.54–2.94)

0.89 (0.63–1.24)

0.83(0.40–1.72)

Education (years)

    

  < 6

1.85 (0.23–15.11)

0.96(0.11–8.55)

1.18 (0.49–2.82)

0.80(0.31–2.06)

 6–9

2.03 (1.08–3.84)*

1.47(0.76–2.86)

1.23 (0.71–2.13)

1.06(0.59–1.91)

 10–12

1.24 (0.62–2.48)

1.18(0.58–2.40)

0.77 (0.42–1.42)

0.70(0.36–1.33)

 ≥13

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Annual household incomeb

   

  < $20,000

1.32 (0.72–2.43)

0.93 (0.49–1.76)

1.20 (0.67–2.15)

0.89 (0.48–1.66)

 $20,000–29,999

0.80 (0.40–1.60)

0.73 (0.36–1.49)

1.05 (0.55–2.01)

0.82 (0.42–1.62)

 $30,000–39,999

0.73 (0.34–1.55)

0.70 (0.32–1.50)

0.98 (0.48–1.99)

0.91 (0.44–1.91)

 $40,000 ≤

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Do you have hospital treatment?

   

 Yes

1.12 (0.74–1.70)

1.88(0.73–4.82)

1.28 (0.81–2.01)

1.26(0.78–2.03)

 No

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Depression (GDS score)

   

 0–4

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 ≥5

1.65 (1.11–2.44)*

1.44(0.95–2.18)

1.64 (1.10–2.42)*

1.39(0.92–2.12)

Walking time (min/day)

   

  < 30

1.63 (1.00–2.65)

1.46(0.88–2.42)

1.62 (0.98–2.67)

1.56(0.93–2.64)

 30–59

1.13 (0.68–1.87)

1.08(0.64–1.82)

1.07 (0.64–1.79)

1.11(0.65–1.90)

 60–89

0.89 (0.47–1.68)

0.90(0.47–1.73)

0.75 (0.39–1.44)

0.82(0.42–1.61)

 ≥90

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Do you stay with your family?

   

 Yes

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 No (living alone)

1.46 (0.79–2.71)

1.16(0.53–2.53)

1.00 (0.57–1.74)

1.10(0.57–2.10)

Living areac

    

 A

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 B

2.76 (1.70–4.46)***

2.64(1.62–4.29)***

2.24 (1.48–3.40)***

2.21(1.44–3.40)***

 C

4.07 (2.56–6.49)***

3.55(2.20–5.74)***

2.24 (1.49–3.38)***

2.10(1.38–3.21)***

  1. aAdjusted for age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, annual household income, comorbidity, depression (Geriatric Depression Scale score), walking time (min/day), living alone, and living area at baseline (2006)
  2. bUS $1 = \100
  3. cThe population densities of areas A, B, and C were 1,026.6, 566.9, and 572.9 persons/km2, respectively.
  4. Data are presented as odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals), p value of homeboundness of the respondents
  5. GDS Geriatric Depression Scale
  6. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.005