From: Does poor dental health predict becoming homebound among older Japanese?
 | 65–74 years old (n = 3007) | ≥75 years old (n = 1383) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysisa | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysisa |
Age: continuous | 1.12 (1.05–1.19)*** | 1.09(1.02–1.16)* | 1.10 (1.05–1.14)*** | 1.10(1.05–1.15)*** |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Female | 0.81 (0.58–1.14) | 0.68(0.47–0.99)* | 1.24 (0.91–1.71) | 1.40(0.96–2.03) |
Dental health | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  ≥ 20 teeth | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
  ≤ 19 teeth with dentures | 1.74 (1.16–2.59)** | 1.39(0.92–2.10) | 1.63 (1.06–2.50)* | 1.40(0.89–2.21) |
  ≤ 19 teeth without dentures | 2.50 (1.45–4.31)*** | 1.78(1.01–3.13)* | 1.70 (0.91–3.17) | 1.47(0.76–2.84) |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Marriage | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
 Widowed | 1.24 (0.77–1.99) | 1.21(0.67–2.19) | 0.89 (0.63–1.24) | 0.56(0.37–0.86)** |
 Separated | 1.04 (0.25–4.36) | 1.08(0.24–4.79) | - | - |
 Never married | 1.41 (0.33–5.97) | 1.09(0.23–5.16) | 2.45 (0.86–7.00) | 2.27(0.68–7.53) |
 Other or missing | 1.24 (0.77–1.99) | 1.26(0.54–2.94) | 0.89 (0.63–1.24) | 0.83(0.40–1.72) |
Education (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  < 6 | 1.85 (0.23–15.11) | 0.96(0.11–8.55) | 1.18 (0.49–2.82) | 0.80(0.31–2.06) |
 6–9 | 2.03 (1.08–3.84)* | 1.47(0.76–2.86) | 1.23 (0.71–2.13) | 1.06(0.59–1.91) |
 10–12 | 1.24 (0.62–2.48) | 1.18(0.58–2.40) | 0.77 (0.42–1.42) | 0.70(0.36–1.33) |
 ≥13 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Annual household incomeb | Â | Â | Â | |
  < $20,000 | 1.32 (0.72–2.43) | 0.93 (0.49–1.76) | 1.20 (0.67–2.15) | 0.89 (0.48–1.66) |
 $20,000–29,999 | 0.80 (0.40–1.60) | 0.73 (0.36–1.49) | 1.05 (0.55–2.01) | 0.82 (0.42–1.62) |
 $30,000–39,999 | 0.73 (0.34–1.55) | 0.70 (0.32–1.50) | 0.98 (0.48–1.99) | 0.91 (0.44–1.91) |
 $40,000 ≤ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Do you have hospital treatment? | Â | Â | Â | |
 Yes | 1.12 (0.74–1.70) | 1.88(0.73–4.82) | 1.28 (0.81–2.01) | 1.26(0.78–2.03) |
 No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Depression (GDS score) | Â | Â | Â | |
 0–4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
 ≥5 | 1.65 (1.11–2.44)* | 1.44(0.95–2.18) | 1.64 (1.10–2.42)* | 1.39(0.92–2.12) |
Walking time (min/day) | Â | Â | Â | |
  < 30 | 1.63 (1.00–2.65) | 1.46(0.88–2.42) | 1.62 (0.98–2.67) | 1.56(0.93–2.64) |
 30–59 | 1.13 (0.68–1.87) | 1.08(0.64–1.82) | 1.07 (0.64–1.79) | 1.11(0.65–1.90) |
 60–89 | 0.89 (0.47–1.68) | 0.90(0.47–1.73) | 0.75 (0.39–1.44) | 0.82(0.42–1.61) |
 ≥90 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Do you stay with your family? | Â | Â | Â | |
 Yes | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
 No (living alone) | 1.46 (0.79–2.71) | 1.16(0.53–2.53) | 1.00 (0.57–1.74) | 1.10(0.57–2.10) |
Living areac | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 A | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
 B | 2.76 (1.70–4.46)*** | 2.64(1.62–4.29)*** | 2.24 (1.48–3.40)*** | 2.21(1.44–3.40)*** |
 C | 4.07 (2.56–6.49)*** | 3.55(2.20–5.74)*** | 2.24 (1.49–3.38)*** | 2.10(1.38–3.21)*** |