The differences in healthcare utilization for dental caries based on the implementation of water fluoridation in South Korea

Cho, Myung-Soo; Han, Kyu-Tae; Park, Sohee; Moon, Ki Tae; Park, Eun-Cheol

doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0311-z

Table 3 The results of survival analysis, negative binomial regression, and regression for dental care visits and expenditures including both patient and regional characteristics

From: The differences in healthcare utilization for dental caries based on the implementation of water fluoridation in South Korea

Variables	Dental care visits^a				Only patient with dental care visit
	Dental care visits^a				Number of dental care visits^b			Dental care costs (KRW)^c
	HR	95 % CI		P-value	β	SE	P-value	β	SE	P-value
Regional variables
Water fluoridation
Yes	0.949	0.928	0.971	<.0001	−0.029	0.014	0.0431	0.008	0.021	0.7097
No	1.000	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Period from implementation of water fluoridation	0.998	0.995	1.001	0.2302	−0.003	0.001	0.0177	−0.006	0.002	0.0024
Number of dentists per 1,000 residents	1.007	0.975	1.041	0.6700	−0.045	0.016	0.0068	−0.026	0.024	0.2812
Financial independence rate of local government	0.999	0.999	0.999	<.0001	−0.003	0.000	<.0001	−0.003	0.000	<.0001
Individual variables
Sex
Male	0.795	0.788	0.801	<.0001	−0.051	0.004	<.0001	−0.071	0.005	<.0001
Female	1.000	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Age (Years)
-19	4.835	4.695	4.979	<.0001	0.408	0.010	<.0001	0.662	0.013	<.0001
20–29	3.069	2.977	3.163	<.0001	0.064	0.011	<.0001	0.020	0.014	0.1451
30–39	2.466	2.392	2.542	<.0001	−0.073	0.011	<.0001	−0.134	0.014	<.0001
40–49	2.502	2.427	2.579	<.0001	−0.069	0.011	<.0001	−0.101	0.013	<.0001
50–59	2.531	2.452	2.613	<.0001	−0.022	0.011	0.0487	−0.030	0.014	0.0316
60–69	2.044	1.978	2.112	<.0001	0.033	0.012	0.0045	0.055	0.016	0.0004
< 70	1.000	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Income (percentile)
-10 % (low)	0.751	0.736	0.767	<.0001	0.003	0.009	0.7721	−0.085	0.013	<.0001
11–20 %	0.751	0.736	0.767	<.0001	−0.004	0.009	0.6797	−0.094	0.013	<.0001
21–30 %	0.762	0.747	0.777	<.0001	−0.004	0.009	0.6740	−0.099	0.013	<.0001
31–40 %	0.770	0.756	0.784	<.0001	−0.026	0.008	0.0018	−0.121	0.012	<.0001
41–50 %	0.805	0.790	0.819	<.0001	0.006	0.008	0.4173	−0.069	0.012	<.0001
51–60 %	0.835	0.821	0.850	<.0001	0.011	0.008	0.1536	−0.045	0.012	0.0001
61–70 %	0.880	0.866	0.895	<.0001	0.028	0.007	0.0002	−0.007	0.011	0.5510
71–80 %	0.916	0.901	0.931	<.0001	0.030	0.007	<.0001	0.025	0.011	0.0267
81–90 %	0.943	0.928	0.959	<.0001	0.023	0.007	0.0007	0.025	0.011	0.0190
+ 91 % (high)	1.000	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Types of insurance coverage
Medical Aid	0.410	0.396	0.425	<.0001	−0.573	0.018	<.0001	−0.956	0.017	<.0001
NHI, self-employed insured	0.872	0.865	0.879	<.0001	−0.033	0.004	<.0001	−0.097	0.006	<.0001
NHI, employee insured	1.000	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Year of baseline/Index year
2003	1.000	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
2004	1.052	1.026	1.079	<.0001	−0.015	0.003	<.0001	−0.126	0.013	<.0001
2005	1.126	1.092	1.162	<.0001	−0.018	0.003	<.0001	−0.102	0.013	<.0001
2006	1.124	1.089	1.160	<.0001	−0.017	0.003	<.0001	−0.108	0.013	<.0001
2007	1.143	1.104	1.183	<.0001	0.128	0.004	<.0001	−0.037	0.013	0.0037
2008	1.104	1.065	1.144	<.0001	0.209	0.004	<.0001	0.016	0.013	0.2238
2009	1.038	0.997	1.080	0.0710	0.192	0.004	<.0001	0.000	0.013	0.9752
2010	0.974	0.931	1.018	0.2418	0.176	0.004	<.0001	−0.073	0.013	<.0001
2011	0.736	0.695	0.779	<.0001	0.163	0.004	<.0001	0.079	0.013	<.0001
2012	0.483	0.445	0.523	<.0001	0.157	0.004	<.0001	0.045	0.013	0.0007
2013	0.304	0.265	0.350	<.0001	0.149	0.004	<.0001	0.091	0.014	<.0001
Pre-dental care costs (per 1,000 KRW)					0.001	0.000	<.0001	0.004	0.000	<.0001
Number of pre-dental care					0.183	0.004	<.0001	0.309	0.009	<.0001
Dentofacial anomalies
Yes	21.614	17.417	26.821	<.0001	1.925	0.022	<.0001	8.832	0.037	<.0001
No	1.000	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Disorders of toothe development and eruption
Yes	16.465	15.392	17.614	<.0001	1.563	0.008	<.0001	8.348	0.012	<.0001
No	1.000	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–

^aThe survival analysis using cox proportional hazard models was applied to investigate the association with risk of dental care visits during study period
^bThe negative binomial regression using GEE models was performed for patients who had experienced a dental care visit at least once per year to investigate the associations with dental care visits
^cThe regression using GEE models was performed for patients who had experienced a dental care visit at least once per year to investigate the associations with dental care cost

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ISSN: 1472-6831

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