Table 3 Characteristics of the included studies
Author/ Year | Study design | Sample size | Average age | Samplesite | Orthodontic appliance (bracket or band) | Sample collection time | Collection method | Microbial analysis method | Periodontal pathogens analyzed | Analysis based on subject or tooth | Microbiological outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Martha et al. 2016 | Controlled Clinical Trials | Group A 15 Group B 10 | Group A 14.4±2.45 y Group B 15.7±1.87 y | 16/26/36/46 | Group A Band Group B Bracket | Before appliance placement After 4–7 weeks | Sterile paper points | PCR | Aa/Pg/Pi/Tf/ Td/Fn/Cr/E c/En/Pm/C.s p | Subject | Frequency of periodontopathogens in subgingival plaques |
Guo et al. 2016 | Controlled Clinical Trials | Group A (adults) 46 Group B (children) 62 | Group A 18–32y Group B 8–15y | 35/34/31/41/44/45 | Bracket | Before appliance placement After 1 month After 3 months | Not mentioned | PCR | Pg/Fn/Pi/Tf | Subject | The percentage contents and detective amount of periodontal pathogens |
Yáñez- Vico et al. 2015 | Cohort study | Experimental group 61 Control group 61 | 21.3 ± 5.6y | 15/14/34/11/45 | Bracket | 10 days before bracket removal 10 days after bracket removal | Sterile paper point | PCR | Aa/Pg/Pi/Tf/ Td | Subject | Prevalence of periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaques |
Amezquita et al. 2006 | Cohort study | Experimental group 30 Control group 30 | Experimental group 18.7y Control group 19.3 y | 15/25/12/22/35/45 | Bracke | Before appliance placement After 3 months | Sterile paper points | Culture methods | Aa/Pg/Pi/Tf/ Pn/Fs/Ec | Subject | Frequency detection of periodontal pathogens in patients |
Choi et al. 2009 | Cohort study | Experimental group 30 Control group 30 | Experimental group 20.0± 7.3y Control group 16.7±7.5 y | 21/31/26/36 | Incisor (bracket) Molar (band) | 2 weeks before appliance removal 3 months after appliance removal | Sterile paper points | PCR | Aa/Pg/Pi/Tf/ Td/Pn/Cr/E c | Tooth | Frequency of periodontopathogens in subgingival plaques |
Zivkovic Sandicet al. 2014 | Selfcontrolled study | Group A 14 Group B 19 | 19.7y (12–36) | 11/16 | Bracket | Group A: Before appliance placement After 1 month After 3 months Group B: Before appliance removal After 1 month After 3 months | Sterile paper points | PCR | Aa/Pg/Pi/Tf | Tooth | Frequency of periodontopathogens in subgingival plaques |
Kim et al. 2012 | Selfcontrolled study | 30 | 16.7±6.5 y | 21/31/26/36 | Incisor (bracket) Molar (band) | Before appliance placement After 1 week After 3 months After 6 months | Sterile paper points | PCR | Aa/Pg/Pi/Tf/ Td/Pn/Cr/E c | Tooth | Frequency of periodontopathogens in subgingival plaques |
Liu et al. 2011 | Selfcontrolled study | Group A 28 Group B 20 | Group A 17.6±5.68y Group B 17.8±4.49 y | 15/13/11/21/33/31/41/45 | Bracket | Group A: Before appliance placement After 1 month After 3 months Group B: Before appliance removal After 1 month After3 months After 6 months | Sterile dental curette | PCR | Pg | Subject | Frequency of Pg in subgingival plaques |
LoBue et al. 2008 | Selfcontrolled study | 10 | 13.1y | 16/26/36/46 | Not mentioned | Before appliance placement After 2 weeks After 4 weeks After 12 weeks | Sterile paper points | Culture methods | 17 periodontalpathogens | Subject | Microorganism isolates from subgingival plaque sites |
Paolantonio et al. 1999 | Selfcontrolled study | 24 | 18–22y | 16/26/12/22 or 32/42/36/46 | Lateral incisor (bracket) Molar (band) | Before appliance placement After 4 weeks After 8 weeks After 12 weeks 4 weeks after appliance removal | Sterile paper points | Culture methods | Aa | Subject | Frequency of Aa in subgingival plaques |
Thornberg et al. 2009 | Selfcontrolled study | 190 | 13.6y | 16/11/24/36/31/44 | Not mentioned | Before appliance placement After 6 months After 12 months After more than 12 months 3 months after appliance removed | Sterile paper points | DNA probe technique | Aa/Pg/Pi/Tf/ Td/Fn/Cr/E c | Subject | Percentages of subjects with high pathogen counts |
Sallumet al. 2004 | Selfcontrolled study | 10 | 16±1.8y | 16/26/11 | Not mentioned | Before appliance removal After 1 month | Sterile dental curette | PCR | Aa/Pg/Pi/Pn /Bf | Subject | Number of sites positive for subgingival microorganisms |
Ristic et al. 2008 | Selfcontrolled study | 32 | 12–18y | 16/21/24 | Incisor and premolar (bracket) Molar(band) | Before appliance placement After 1 month After 3 months After 6months | Sterile paper points | Culture methods | Pi | Tooth site | Frequency of Pi in subgingival plaques |