Variables | Category | Males | Females | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | ||
Grade | Elementary school | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Junior high school | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 0.856 | 0.87 (0.55–1.37) | 0.544 | |
BMI | Underweight | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Normal weight | 0.85 (0.69–1.04) | 0.119 | 0.97 (0.67–1.41) | 0.865 | |
Overweight | 0.64 (0.35–1.15) | 0.134 | 1.25 (0.36–4.40) | 0.729 | |
Contact sport | Non-contact | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Limited-contact | 0.72 (0.45–1.15) | 0.167 | 1.16 (0.67–2.00) | 0.594 | |
Semi-contact | 0.76 (0.45–1.29) | 0.311 | 1.07 (0.57–2.03) | 0.830 | |
Full-contact | 0.77 (0.48–1.21) | 0.257 | 0.95 (0.57–1.59) | 0.841 | |
Team level | Local competition | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Prefectural competition | 0.99 (0.81–1.19) | 0.875 | 1.04 (0.72–1.51) | 0.818 | |
District competition | 1.35 (0.96–1.90) | 0.085 | 1.55 (0.93–2.58) | 0.091 | |
Experience (years) | ≤1 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
>1 to <5 | 1.05 (0.86–1.27) | 0.642 | 1.19 (0.85–1.68) | 0.315 | |
≥5 | 1.14 (0.85–1.53) | 0.387 | 0.74 (0.40–1.39) | 0.349 | |
Training days per week (days) | <3 | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
≥3 | 1.15 (0.96–1.39) | 0.137 | 0.94 (0.66–1.34) | 0.740 | |
Enjoyment in playing sport | Yes | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
No | 1.44 (0.81–2.54) | 0.214 | 1.62 (0.69–3.84) | 0.270 | |
The time for breaks | Sufficient | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Insufficient | 1.35 (1.03–1.77) | 0.032 | 0.88 (0.53–1.47) | 0.623 | |
Verbal abuse from coaches | No | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Yes | 1.31 (1.05–1.62) | 0.015 | 1.29 (0.87–1.91) | 0.206 | |
Physical punishment from coaches | No | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Yes | 1.36 (1.06–1.75) | 0.016 | 0.97 (0.57–1.63) | 0.894 | |
Screen time per day (hours) | ≤3 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
>3 to <5 | 0.91 (0.74–1.13) | 0.399 | 0.73 (0.50–1.07) | 0.107 | |
≥5 | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | 0.866 | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) | 0.920 | |
Sleep time per day (hours) | ≤8.5 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
>8.5 to <9 | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 0.241 | 0.89 (0.57–1.34) | 0.520 | |
≥9 | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 0.246 | 0.76 (0.50–1.16) | 0.206 |