Table 2 Associations with edentulism estimated by Poisson regression

  50–59

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

  60–69

2.21 (1.68, 2.91)***

2.38 (1.55, 3.68)***

2.13 (1.52, 3.00)***

  70–79

4.89 (3.65, 6.56)***

4.92 (3.10, 7.79)***

5.05 (3.52, 7.25)***

  80 or more

5.94 (3.76, 9.39)***

7.91 (4.27, 14.64)***

4.33 (2.08, 9.01)***

  Female

1 (Reference)

–

–

  Male

0.83 (0.63, 1.10)

  None

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

  Elementary

1.20 (0.88, 1.64)

1.00 (0.58, 1.72)

1.28 (0.86, 1.78)

  High school/Higher education

0.88 (0.59, 1.30)

0.86 (0.46, 1.63)

0.79 (0.48, 1.32)

  Poor

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

  Medium

1.12 (0.88, 1.43)

1.12 (0.79, 1.59)

1.15 (0.83, 1.59)

  Rich

1.27 (0.95, 1.69)

1.40 (0.91, 2.16)

1.19 (0.82, 1.73)

 Urban residence (base = rural)

1.10 (0.88, 1.38)

0.98 (0.70, 1.35)

1.28 (0.94, 1.73)

  Sumatra

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

  Java

0.77 (0.59, 1.00)

1.14 (0.74, 1.75)

0.56 (0.40, 0.79)***

  Main island groups

2.08 (1.59, 2.71)***

2.75 (1.79, 4.21)***

1.74 (1.24, 2.45)***

 Social capital (low)

1.16 (0.92, 1.47)

1.00 (0.68, 1.47)

1.32 (1.00, 1.79)*

 Self-rated health (Unhealthy)

1.07 (0.86, 1.36)

1.17 (0.83, 1.65)

0.97 (0.73, 1.29)

 Body mass index (Underweight)

1.23 (0.93, 1.62)

1.26 (0.85, 1.86)

1.18 (0.80, 1.75)

 Functional disability

1.34 (1.08, 1.66)**

1.22 (0.89, 1.68)

1.40 (1.05, 1.87)*

  Never

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

  Quit

1.25 (0.86, 1.82)

1.95 (1.12, 3.39)*

0.73 (0.27, 1.92)

  Current

1.17 (0.87, 1.56)

1.64 (1.01, 2.69)*

0.89 (0.51, 1.55)

 Diabetes

0.56 (0.31, 1.01)

0.30 (0.09, 1.02)

0.78 (0.40, 1.52)

 Arthritis

0.93 (0.69, 1.24)

0.80 (0.47, 1.38)

0.97 (0.69, 1.38)

 Asthma

0.89 (0.52, 1.51)

0.45 (0.16, 1.29)

1.26 (0.69, 2.31)

 Depression symptoms

0.73 (0.45, 1.16)

0.69 (0.34, 1.39)

0.74 (0.40, 1.39)