Characteristic | All | Clinical health | Clinical gingivitis | Mean difference / OR (95% CI)a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age | ||||
 Year (mean, ± SD) | 23.1 ± 4.7 | 22.8 ± 4.6 | 23.6 ± 4.8 | 0.8 (0.3, 1.3) |
Maternal age (years) | ||||
  < 18 | 157 (10.8) | 115 (13.2) | 42 (7.2) | 0.51 (0.35, 0.74) |
 18- < 35 | 1267 (87.3) | 739 (84.9) | 528 (90.7) | Ref |
  ≥ 35 | 28 (1.9) | 16 (1.8) | 12 (2.1) | 1.05 (0.49, 2.24) |
Maternal height | ||||
 Cm (mean, ± SD) | 150.8 ± 5.5 | 151.2 ± 5.4 | 150.2 ± 5.6 | −1.0 (−1.6, −0.4) |
Maternal weight | ||||
 Kg (mean, ± SD) | 45.8 ± 7.1 | 46.1 ± 7.2 | 45.4 ± 6.8 | − 0.7 (− 1.5, 0.0) |
Maternal BMI | ||||
 Underweight | 428 (29.5) | 256 (29.4) | 172 (29.6) | 1.01 (0.80, 1.27) |
 Normal weight | 934 (64.3) | 560 (64.4) | 374 (64.3) | Ref |
 Overweight or obese | 90 (6.2) | 54 (6.2) | 36 (6.2) | 1.00 (0.64, 1.55) |
Ethnic group | ||||
 Hills (Pahadi) | 106 (7.3) | 54 (6.2) | 52 (8.9) | Ref |
 Plains (Madeshi) | 1346 (92.7) | 816 (93.8) | 530 (91.1) | 0.67 (0.45, 1.00) |
Gravidity | ||||
 First pregnancy | 403 (27.8) | 260 (29.9) | 143 (24.6) | 0.78 (0.61, 0.99) |
 1–3 previous pregnancies | 872 (60.1) | 511 (58.7) | 361 (62.0) | Ref |
  ≥ 4 previous pregnancies | 177 (12.2) | 99 (11.4) | 78 (13.4) | 1.12 (0.81, 1.54) |
Maternal literacy | ||||
 No | 781 (53.8) | 455 (52.3) | 326 (56.0) | Ref |
 Yes | 671 (46.2) | 415 (47.7) | 256 (44.0) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.06) |
Maternal education (years) | ||||
 0 | 783 (54.0) | 456 (52.5) | 327 (56.2) | Ref |
 1–9 | 404 (27.8) | 248 (28.5) | 156 (26.8) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.12) |
  ≥ 10 | 264 (18.2) | 165 (19.0) | 99 (17.0) | 0.84 (0.63, 1.11) |
Electricity | ||||
 No | 114 (7.9) | 62 (7.1) | 52 (8.9) | Ref |
 Yes | 1338 (92.1) | 808 (92.9) | 530 (91.1) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) |
House construction material | ||||
 None, thatch, sticks, or bamboo | 897 (61.8) | 526 (60.5) | 371 (63.7) | Ref |
 Wood planks, bricks, or stone | 555 (38.2) | 344 (39.5) | 211 (36.3) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) |
House roof material | ||||
 None, plastic, thatch, or grass | 111 (7.6) | 58 (6.7) | 53 (9.1) | Ref |
 Tile, tin, or concrete | 1341 (92.4) | 812 (93.3) | 529 (90.9) | 0.71 (0.48, 1.05) |
Latrine | ||||
 No latrine | 624 (43.0) | 356 (40.9) | 268 (46.0) | Ref |
 Brick, concrete, or pit latrine | 828 (57.0) | 514 (59.1) | 314 (54.0) | 0.81 (0.66, 1.00) |