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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants in the oral hygiene study

From: Oral hygiene, prevalence of gingivitis, and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Sarlahi District, Nepal

Characteristic

All

Clinical health

Clinical gingivitis

Mean difference / OR (95% CI)a

Maternal age

 Year (mean, ± SD)

23.1 ± 4.7

22.8 ± 4.6

23.6 ± 4.8

0.8 (0.3, 1.3)

Maternal age (years)

  < 18

157 (10.8)

115 (13.2)

42 (7.2)

0.51 (0.35, 0.74)

 18- < 35

1267 (87.3)

739 (84.9)

528 (90.7)

Ref

  ≥ 35

28 (1.9)

16 (1.8)

12 (2.1)

1.05 (0.49, 2.24)

Maternal height

 Cm (mean, ± SD)

150.8 ± 5.5

151.2 ± 5.4

150.2 ± 5.6

−1.0 (−1.6, −0.4)

Maternal weight

 Kg (mean, ± SD)

45.8 ± 7.1

46.1 ± 7.2

45.4 ± 6.8

− 0.7 (− 1.5, 0.0)

Maternal BMI

 Underweight

428 (29.5)

256 (29.4)

172 (29.6)

1.01 (0.80, 1.27)

 Normal weight

934 (64.3)

560 (64.4)

374 (64.3)

Ref

 Overweight or obese

90 (6.2)

54 (6.2)

36 (6.2)

1.00 (0.64, 1.55)

Ethnic group

 Hills (Pahadi)

106 (7.3)

54 (6.2)

52 (8.9)

Ref

 Plains (Madeshi)

1346 (92.7)

816 (93.8)

530 (91.1)

0.67 (0.45, 1.00)

Gravidity

 First pregnancy

403 (27.8)

260 (29.9)

143 (24.6)

0.78 (0.61, 0.99)

 1–3 previous pregnancies

872 (60.1)

511 (58.7)

361 (62.0)

Ref

  ≥ 4 previous pregnancies

177 (12.2)

99 (11.4)

78 (13.4)

1.12 (0.81, 1.54)

Maternal literacy

 No

781 (53.8)

455 (52.3)

326 (56.0)

Ref

 Yes

671 (46.2)

415 (47.7)

256 (44.0)

0.86 (0.70, 1.06)

Maternal education (years)

 0

783 (54.0)

456 (52.5)

327 (56.2)

Ref

 1–9

404 (27.8)

248 (28.5)

156 (26.8)

0.88 (0.69, 1.12)

  ≥ 10

264 (18.2)

165 (19.0)

99 (17.0)

0.84 (0.63, 1.11)

Electricity

 No

114 (7.9)

62 (7.1)

52 (8.9)

Ref

 Yes

1338 (92.1)

808 (92.9)

530 (91.1)

0.78 (0.53, 1.15)

House construction material

 None, thatch, sticks, or bamboo

897 (61.8)

526 (60.5)

371 (63.7)

Ref

 Wood planks, bricks, or stone

555 (38.2)

344 (39.5)

211 (36.3)

0.87 (0.70, 1.08)

House roof material

 None, plastic, thatch, or grass

111 (7.6)

58 (6.7)

53 (9.1)

Ref

 Tile, tin, or concrete

1341 (92.4)

812 (93.3)

529 (90.9)

0.71 (0.48, 1.05)

Latrine

 No latrine

624 (43.0)

356 (40.9)

268 (46.0)

Ref

 Brick, concrete, or pit latrine

828 (57.0)

514 (59.1)

314 (54.0)

0.81 (0.66, 1.00)

  1. Data presented as No. (%) unless otherwise noted
  2. aT-test or unadjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval as appropriate
  3. Statistically significant for a mean difference are in bold italic
  4. Statistically significant for an odds ratio are in bold