Table 1 Characteristics of participants and the results of the survey
Variables | n (%) dmft = 0 | n (%) dmft> 0 | dmft (mean ± SD) | dt | mt | ft |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General characteristics of the children | ||||||
Total (n = 1591) | 471 (29.6) | 1120 (70.4) | 4.34 ± 4.78 | 4.26 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Sex | ||||||
Male (n = 821) | 243 (29.6) | 578 (70.4) | 4.28 ± 4.67 | 4.2 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Female (n = 770) | 228 (29.6) | 542 (70.4) | 4.40 ± 4.89 | 4.32 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Age (years) | ||||||
3 (n = 531) | 213 (40.1) | 318 (59.9)** | 2.96 ± 4.07** | 2.92** | < 0.01 | 0.04* |
4 (n = 571) | 150 (26.3) | 421 (73.7) | 4.42 ± 4.66 | 4.35 | < 0.01 | 0.07 |
5 (n = 489) | 108 (22.1) | 381 (77.9) | 5.75 ± 5.19 | 5.62 | < 0.01 | 0.13 |
Biological and social-economic variables | ||||||
BMI | ||||||
0–25% percentile(11.0–14.31) | 91 (22.8) | 308 (77.2)** | 4.85 ± 4.96* | 4.77* | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
(n = 399) | ||||||
25–50% percentile(14.31–15.29) | 107 (26.4) | 298 (73.6) | 4.44 ± 4.78 | 4.35 | < 0.01 | 0.09 |
(n = 405) | ||||||
50–75% percentile (15.29–16.54) | 95 (28.6) | 237 (71.4) | 4.31 ± 4.76 | 4.27 | < 0.01 | 0.04 |
(n = 332) | ||||||
75–100% percentile(16.54–23.61) | 178 (39.1) | 277 (60.9) | 3.82 ± 4.59 | 3.73 | < 0.01 | 0.1 |
(n = 455) | ||||||
Only child in the family | ||||||
Yes (n = 1120) | 386 (34.5) | 734 (65.5) | 4.26 ± 4.77 | 4.17 | < 0.01 | 0.09 |
No (n = 471) | 153 (32.5) | 318 (67.5) | 4.50 ± 4.78 | 4.44 | < 0.01 | 0.06 |
Mother’s education level | ||||||
Primary or below (n = 127) | 41 (32.3) | 86 (67.7) | 4.06 ± 4.49 | 3.97 | < 0.01 | 0.09 |
Junior high school (n = 571) | 159 (27.8) | 412 (72.2) | 4.50 ± 4.82 | 4.43 | < 0.01 | 0.06 |
Senior high school (n = 470) | 147 (31.3) | 323 (68.7) | 4.42 ± 5.02 | 4.34 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Matriculation or above (n = 423) | 124 (29.3) | 299 (70.7) | 4.12 ± 4.53 | 4.03 | < 0.01 | 0.09 |
Diet-related variables | ||||||
Sugary food consumption frequency | ||||||
Sweets or sugary snacks | ||||||
Twice a week or more (n = 1044) | 321 (30.7) | 723 (69.3) | 4.31 ± 4.73 | 4.22 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Once a week (n = 219) | 67 (30.6) | 152 (69.4) | 4.64 ± 527 | 4.58 | < 0.01 | 0.06 |
Seldom or never (n = 328) | 83 (25.3) | 245 (74.7) | 4.25 ± 4.59 | 4.17 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Sugary beverage | ||||||
Twice a week or more (n = 540) | 172 (31.9) | 368 (68.1) | 4.27 ± 4.87 | 4.22 | < 0.01 | 0.05 |
Once a week (n = 277) | 71 (25.6) | 206 (74.4) | 4.63 ± 4.69 | 4.58 | < 0.01 | 0.05 |
Seldom or never (n = 774) | 228 (29.5) | 546 (70.5) | 4.28 ± 4.75 | 4.17 | < 0.01 | 0.11 |
Sugary dairy foodstuffs | ||||||
Twice a week or more (n = 943) | 283 (30.0) | 660 (70.0) | 4.37 ± 4.87 | 4.29 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Once a week (n = 176) | 44 (25.0) | 132 (75.0) | 4.43 ± 4.30 | 4.38 | < 0.01 | 0.06 |
Seldom or never (n = 472) | 144 (30.5) | 328 (69.5) | 4.25 ± 4.77 | 4.17 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Cooked food consumption frequency | ||||||
Seafood | ||||||
Twice a week or more (n = 490) | 141 (28.8) | 349 (71.2) | 4.45 ± 4.88* | 4.36 | < 0.01 | 0.10** |
Once a week (n = 304) | 76 (25.0) | 228 (75.0) | 4.90 ± 4.96 | 4.73 | < 0.01 | 0.17 |
Seldom or never (n = 797) | 254 (31.9) | 543 (68.1) | 4.06 ± 4.62 | 4.02 | < 0.01 | 0.03 |
Meat | ||||||
Twice a week or more (n = 1292) | 385 (29.8) | 907 (70.2) | 4.21 ± 4.73 | 4.12* | < 0.01 | 0.09 |
Once a week (n = 124) | 37 (29.8) | 87 (70.2) | 4.75 ± 5.06 | 4.65 | < 0.01 | 0.10 |
Seldom or never (n = 175) | 49 (28.0) | 126 (72.0) | 5.01 ± 4.90 | 4.99 | < 0.01 | 0.02 |
Egg & soy foods | ||||||
Twice a week or more (n = 1206) | 358 (29.7) | 848 (70.3) | 4.31 ± 4.76 | 4.23 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Once a week (n = 194) | 59 (30.4) | 135 (69.6) | 4.30 ± 4.88 | 4.18 | < 0.01 | 0.12 |
Seldom or never (n = 191) | 54 (28.3) | 137 (71.7) | 4.59 ± 4.82 | 4.55 | < 0.01 | 0.04 |
Vegetables & fruit | ||||||
Twice a week or more (n = 1453) | 441 (30.4) | 1012 (69.6) | 4.25 ± 4.75* | 4.17* | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Once a week (n = 52) | 14 (26.9) | 38 (73.1) | 4.50 ± 4.81 | 4.37 | < 0.01 | 0.13 |
Seldom or never (n = 86) | 16 (18.6) | 70 (81.4) | 5.85 ± 4.96 | 5.80 | < 0.01 | 0.05 |
Yoghourt consumption frequency | ||||||
Twice a week or more (n = 612) | 198 (32.4) | 414 (67.6) | 4.05 ± 4.74 | 3.95 | < 0.01 | 0.10 |
Once a week (n = 526) | 150 (28.5) | 376 (71.5) | 4.51 ± 4.91 | 4.43 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Seldom or never (n = 453) | 123 (27.2) | 330 (72.8) | 4.53 ± 4.66 | 4.48 | < 0.01 | 0.05 |
Milk consumption | ||||||
0-100 ml/day (n = 518) | 160 (30.9) | 358 (69.1) | 4.33 ± 4.86 | 4.25 | < 0.01 | 0.09 |
100-200 ml/day (n = 734) | 202 (27.5) | 532 (72.5) | 4.42 ± 4.75 | 4.35 | < 0.01 | 0.07 |
200-400 ml/day (n = 339) | 109 (32.2) | 230 (67.8) | 4.19 ± 4.73 | 4.1 | < 0.01 | 0.09 |
Health-related variables | ||||||
Tooth brushing | ||||||
Often (n = 593) | 183 (30.86) | 410 (69.14) | 4.22 ± 4.79 | 4.13 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Seldom or never (n = 998) | 288 (28.86) | 710 (71.14) | 4.41 ± 4.77 | 4.33 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Toothpaste use | ||||||
Yes (n = 578) | 180 (31.1) | 398 (68.9) | 4.22 ± 4.81 | 4.14 | < 0.01 | 0.07 |
No (n = 1013) | 291 (28.7) | 722 (71.3) | 4.41 ± 4.76 | 1.33 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Fluoride toothpaste use | ||||||
Yes (n = 95) | 30 (31.6) | 65 (68.4) | 3.75 ± 4.05 | 3.71 | < 0.01 | 0.04 |
No (n = 1496) | 441 (29.5) | 1055 (70.5) | 4.38 ± 4.82 | 4.3 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Infant breastfeeding duration | ||||||
0–6 months (n = 465) | 148 (31.8) | 317 (68.2)* | 3.93 ± 4.53* | 3.85* | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
7–12 months (n = 684) | 213 (31.1) | 471 (68.9) | 4.28 ± 4.84 | 4.18 | < 0.01 | 0.10 |
13–18 months (n = 301) | 81 (26.9) | 220 (73.1) | 4.66 ± 4.93 | 4.6 | < 0.01 | 0.06 |
≥ 18 months (n = 141) | 29 (20.6) | 112 (79.4) | 5.32 ± 4.80 | 5.28 | < 0.01 | 0.04 |
Mother’s calcium intake during pregnancy | ||||||
Yes (n = 1215) | 359 (29.5) | 856 (70.5) | 4.40 ± 4.85 | 4.33 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
No (n = 240) | 69 (28.7) | 171 (71.3) | 4.13 ± 4.69 | 4.04 | < 0.01 | 0.10 |
Uncertainty (n = 136) | 43 (31.6) | 93 (68.4) | 4.13 ± 4.27 | 4.07 | < 0.01 | 0.06 |
Infant Vitamin D intake | ||||||
Never (n = 229) | 72 (31.4) | 157 (68.6) | 3.66 ± 4.15* | 3.63* | < 0.01 | 0.03 |
Less than one year (n = 997) | 274 (27.5) | 723 (72.5) | 4.55 ± 4.83 | 4.47 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
More than one year (n = 365) | 125 (34.2) | 240 (65.8) | 4.19 ± 4.96 | 4.08 | < 0.01 | 0.11 |
Time of falling asleep | ||||||
Before 9 pm (n = 444) | 138 (31.08) | 306 (68.92) | 3.97 ± 4.48 | 3.91 | < 0.01 | 0.06 |
9–11 pm (n = 988) | 282 (28.54) | 706 (71.46) | 4.48 ± 4.87 | 4.37 | < 0.01 | 0.09 |
After 11 pm (n = 38) | 10 (26.32) | 28 (73.68) | 5.03 ± 5.17 | 5.00 | < 0.01 | 0.03 |
Irregular (n = 121) | 41 (33.88) | 80 (66.12) | 4.50 ± 4.95 | 4.4 | < 0.01 | 0.10 |
Hours of sleep | ||||||
≥ 12 h (n = 130) | 43 (33.1) | 87 (66.9)** | 3.37 ± 4.30* | 3.30* | < 0.01 | 0.07 |
10–12 h (n = 912) | 299 (32.8) | 613 (67.2) | 4.24 ± 4.85 | 4.16 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
≤ 10 h (n = 549) | 129 (23.5) | 420 (76.5) | 4.74 ± 4.72 | 4.66 | < 0.01 | 0.08 |
Family smoking environment | ||||||
Yes (n = 1049) | 312 (29.7) | 737 (70.3) | 4.38 ± 4.84 | 4.32 | < 0.01 | 0.06 |
No (n = 542) | 159 (29.3) | 383 (70.7) | 4.26 ± 4.66 | 4.15 | < 0.01 | 0.11 |