Characteristics | Included (n = 485) | Excluded (n = 29) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Gendera | 0.195 | ||
Female | 50.3 | 37.9 | |
Male | 49.7 | 62.1 | |
Weight for age z-score; mean (SD) | |||
Birth | −0.17 (0.91) | −1.77 (1.68) | < 0.001*** |
3 months | 0.10 (0.85) | −0.67 (1.16) | < 0.001*** |
12 months | 0.06 (0.87) | −0.37 (0.96) | 0.014 |
Gestational age (weeks)a | – | ||
37 | 7.8 | – | |
38 | 22.3 | – | |
39 | 29.9 | – | |
40 | 26.2 | – | |
≥ 41 | 13.8 | – | |
Mode of deliverya | 0.008** | ||
Natural labour | 53.2 | 27.6 | |
Assisted natural labour | 20.4 | 17.2 | |
Caesarean birth | 23.3 | 48.3 | |
Unknown | 3.1 | 6.9 | |
With congenital conditionsa | 1.000 | ||
Yes | 99.0 | 100 | |
No | 1.0 | 0 | |
Type of feedinga | 0.749 | ||
Never breastfed | 54.2 | 58.6 | |
Exclusively breastfed 3 months or partially breastfed | 36.5 | 37.9 | |
Exclusively breastfed for 3 months or more | 7.8 | 3.4 | |
Unknown | 1.4 | 0.0 | |
Highest parental educationa | 0.571 | ||
≤ 9th grade | 30.9 | 20.7 | |
10th - 11th grade | 44.7 | 51.7 | |
≥ 12th grade | 22.7 | 27.6 | |
Unknown | 1.6 | 0 | |
Permanent tooth emergence | |||
mean (SD) | 26.2 (2.5) | 25.6 (3.7) | 0.350 |
Completea | |||
Yes | 232 | 13 | 0.753 |
No | 253 | 16 |