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Table 2 Summarised data of the three studies included in the review

From: Do fixed orthodontic appliances cause halitosis? A systematic review

Study information

First author

Year

Country

Study design

Design

Setting (n)

Sample (n)

Initial

Final

Dropouts

Reasons for dropouts

Interventions

Groups, appliances, extension

Number

Gender (girls/boys)

Age (mean yrs./SD)

Age (range)

Halitosis examinations

VSC measurement method

Experience of the examiner(s)

Time of measurement and mean value (SD/range)

Additional examinations

Outcomes

Kaygisiz

2015 [24]

Turkey

- RCT

- University, Orthodontic clinic

- 60

- Unknown

- Unknown

- Not applicable

Group I: SLB in both arches

- 20,

- Unknown,

- 14.7 / 1.39

Group II: CB in both arches

- 20,

- Unknown,

- 14.0 / 1.01

Group III: Control without appliance

- 20

- Unknown

−14.4 / 1.46

- Halimeter

- One periodontist

- Immediately before bonding:

Group I: 76.85 ± 64.82

Group II: 53.20 ± 41.19

Group III: 34.87 ± 34.28

- One week after bonding:

Group I: 62.15 ± 56.51

Group II: 64.9 ± 40.90

Group III: 43.93 ± 39.75

- Four weeks after bonding:

Group I: 48.80 ± 38.94

Group II: 49.15 ± 36.19

Group III: 42.93 ± 38.00

- Eight weeks after bonding:

Group I: 49.20 ± 21.38

Group II: 43.10 ± 31.05

Group III: 47.40 ± 25.17

Plaque Index

Gingival index

Pocket depth

Bleeding on probing

Tongue coating index

No statistically significant difference between pre-bonding and post-bonding VSC values

No statistically significant difference between the two groups receiving fixed appliances and the control group

The SLB was not advantageous over the conventional brackets

None of the groups’ VSC mean value reached halitosis cut offs

Nalcaci

2014 [25]

Turkey

- RCT

- University

- 46

- Unknown

- Unknown

- Not applicable

Group I: SLB Unknown number of arches

- 23

- 11/12

- 14.48/ 1.27

Group II: CB unknown number of arches

- 23

- 13/10

- 13.38/ 1.61

- Halimeter

- Periodontist

- Before placement of brackets:

Group I: 43.70 ± 2.20

Group II: 41.78 ± 1.77

- One week after bonding:

Group I: 56.00 ± 2.96

Group II: 60.32 ± 2.94

- Five weeks after bonding:

Group I: 59.10 ± 3.62

Group II: 88.2 ± 3.85

Plaque index

Gingival index

Bleeding on probing

Bacterial counts

Statistically significant increase of VSC mean values between pre-bonding and post-bonding measured after 1 and 5 weeks of bonding.

Five weeks after bonding, SLB had significantly lower VSC mean values than CB when compared.

None of the groups’ VSC mean value reached halitosis cut offs

Babacan

2011 [26]

Turkey

- RCT

- University orthodontic department

- 44

- 41

- 3

- Missing measurements

Group I: CB in both arches

- 21

- 12/9

- 13.05/ 1.48

Group II: Control without appliance

- 20

- 11/9

- 13.70/ 1.61

- Halimeter

- Periodontist

- Before placement of brackets:

Group I: 58.55 ± 13.77

Group II: 58.15 ± 14.32

One week after bonding:

Group I: 81.00 ± 17.15

Group II: 60.85 ± 12.05

- Four weeks after bonding:

Group I: 94.70 ± 12.31

Group II: 61.35 ± 15.41

Plaque index

Gingival index

Statistically significant increase of VSC mean values between pre-bonding and post-bonding measured after 1 and 4 weeks of bonding.

Statistically significant difference between the two groups receiving fixed appliances and the control group

None of the groups’ VSC mean value reached halitosis cut offs