From: Do fixed orthodontic appliances cause halitosis? A systematic review
Study information First author Year Country | Study design Design Setting (n) | Sample (n) Initial Final Dropouts Reasons for dropouts | Interventions Groups, appliances, extension Number Gender (girls/boys) Age (mean yrs./SD) Age (range) | Halitosis examinations VSC measurement method Experience of the examiner(s) Time of measurement and mean value (SD/range) | Additional examinations | Outcomes |
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Kaygisiz 2015 [24] Turkey | - RCT - University, Orthodontic clinic | - 60 - Unknown - Unknown - Not applicable | Group I: SLB in both arches - 20, - Unknown, - 14.7 / 1.39 Group II: CB in both arches - 20, - Unknown, - 14.0 / 1.01 Group III: Control without appliance - 20 - Unknown −14.4 / 1.46 | - Halimeter - One periodontist - Immediately before bonding: Group I: 76.85 ± 64.82 Group II: 53.20 ± 41.19 Group III: 34.87 ± 34.28 - One week after bonding: Group I: 62.15 ± 56.51 Group II: 64.9 ± 40.90 Group III: 43.93 ± 39.75 - Four weeks after bonding: Group I: 48.80 ± 38.94 Group II: 49.15 ± 36.19 Group III: 42.93 ± 38.00 - Eight weeks after bonding: Group I: 49.20 ± 21.38 Group II: 43.10 ± 31.05 Group III: 47.40 ± 25.17 | Plaque Index Gingival index Pocket depth Bleeding on probing Tongue coating index | No statistically significant difference between pre-bonding and post-bonding VSC values No statistically significant difference between the two groups receiving fixed appliances and the control group The SLB was not advantageous over the conventional brackets None of the groups’ VSC mean value reached halitosis cut offs |
Nalcaci 2014 [25] Turkey | - RCT - University | - 46 - Unknown - Unknown - Not applicable | Group I: SLB Unknown number of arches - 23 - 11/12 - 14.48/ 1.27 Group II: CB unknown number of arches - 23 - 13/10 - 13.38/ 1.61 | - Halimeter - Periodontist - Before placement of brackets: Group I: 43.70 ± 2.20 Group II: 41.78 ± 1.77 - One week after bonding: Group I: 56.00 ± 2.96 Group II: 60.32 ± 2.94 - Five weeks after bonding: Group I: 59.10 ± 3.62 Group II: 88.2 ± 3.85 | Plaque index Gingival index Bleeding on probing Bacterial counts | Statistically significant increase of VSC mean values between pre-bonding and post-bonding measured after 1 and 5 weeks of bonding. Five weeks after bonding, SLB had significantly lower VSC mean values than CB when compared. None of the groups’ VSC mean value reached halitosis cut offs |
Babacan 2011 [26] Turkey | - RCT - University orthodontic department | - 44 - 41 - 3 - Missing measurements | Group I: CB in both arches - 21 - 12/9 - 13.05/ 1.48 Group II: Control without appliance - 20 - 11/9 - 13.70/ 1.61 | - Halimeter - Periodontist - Before placement of brackets: Group I: 58.55 ± 13.77 Group II: 58.15 ± 14.32 One week after bonding: Group I: 81.00 ± 17.15 Group II: 60.85 ± 12.05 - Four weeks after bonding: Group I: 94.70 ± 12.31 Group II: 61.35 ± 15.41 | Plaque index Gingival index | Statistically significant increase of VSC mean values between pre-bonding and post-bonding measured after 1 and 4 weeks of bonding. Statistically significant difference between the two groups receiving fixed appliances and the control group None of the groups’ VSC mean value reached halitosis cut offs |