Table 2 Outcomes of studies included in the network meta-analysis

Singh (2008) [25]

Moderate to advanced periodontitis; at least 30% teeth with PPD ≥ 4 mm

Liquid chromatography method

TA: 8.3 ± 0.7

TB: 7.9 ± 0.7

C: 8.08 ± 0.7

TA: 0.8 ± 0.66

TB: 0.6 ± 0.66

C: -0.02 ± 0.72

TA: 4.16 ± 11.55

TB: 4 ± 14.45

3

No

Gilowski (2012) [26]

Periodontitis; at least four nonadjacent sites with PPD ≥ 4 mm

Turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay

T: 6.7 (6.3–7.0)

C: 6.2 (6.0–7.8)

T: 0 ± 0.9

C: 0.1 ± 1.41

3

No

Moeintaghavi (2012) [27]

Mild to moderate periodontitis (American Academy of Periodontology)

Cobas Integra 700 apparatus (Roche Diagnostics, Germany)

T: 8.15 ± 1.18

C: 8.72 ± 2.22

T: 0.74 ± 1.18

C: -0.25 ± 2.05

T: 17.5 ± 48.91

C: -9.78 ± 38.02

3

na

Gaikwad (2013) [28]

Chronic generalized periodontitis

na

T: 8.38 ± 0.89

C: 8.06 ± 1.10

T: 1.38 ± 0.83

C: 0.95 ± 1.05

na

4

No

Pradeep (2013) [29]

Chronic periodontitis; PPD ≥ 5 mm or CAL ≥ 4 mm and vertical bone loss ≥ 3mm on intraoral periapical radiographs

na

T: 6.66 ± 0.11

C: 6.71 ± 0.13

3m: T: 0.02 ± 0.12

C: 0.03 ± 0.13

6m: T: 0.01 ± 0.12

C:0.03 ± 0.13

9m: T: 0.03 ± 0.11

C: 0.05 ± 0.13

na

9

No

Santos (2013) [30]

Generalized chronic periodontitis (Armitage 1999); at least 30% of sites with PPD and CAL ≥ 4 mm

high-performance liquid chromatography

T: 10 ± 2.41

C: 10.4 ± 2.9

3m: T: 0.78 ± 3.5

C: 0.68 ± 2.5

6m: T: 0.19 ± 2.9

C: 0.74 ± 4.1

12m: T: 0.35 ± 3.4

C: 1.4 ± 3.0

3m: T: 5.4 ± 65.09

C: 1.4 ± 77.31

6m: T: 5.5 ± 57.34

C: 15.4 ± 80.06

12m: T: 7.2 ± 72.37

C: 20.6 ± 79.15

12

T: 7, C: 12 reported taste

perception change/ dry mouth/ staining

Telgi (2013) [31]

mild to moderate periodontitis; PD: 4 – 5 mm

na

TA: 7.68 ± 0.63

TB: 7.56 ± 0.59

C: 7.74 ± 0.59

TA: 0.58 ± 0.27

TB: 0.25 ± 0.14

C: 0.004 ± 0.12

TA: 2.88 ± 1.07

TB: 1.29 ± 0.53

C: 0.42 ± 0.71

3

na

Macedo (2014) [11]

Chronic periodontitis, at least one site with PPD ≥ 5 mm on each quadrant, two teeth with CAL ≥ 6 mm

automated immunoturbidimetric method

T: 8.6 ± 1.1

C: 8.0 ± 0.93

T: 0.87 ± 0.9

C: 0.41 ± 0.84

na

3

No

Miranda (2014) [32]

the sites with PPD and CAL ≥ 4 mm, a minimum of six teeth with at least one site with PPD and CAL ≥ 5 mm, BOP

high-performance liquid chromatography

T: 8.53 ± 1.56

C: 8.99 ± 1.63

3m: T: -0.07 ± 1.83

C: 0.05 ± 1.67

6m: T: 0.04 ± 1.94

C: -0.08 ± 1.66

12m: T: -0.24 ± 2.54

C: 0.59 ± 1.81

3m: T: 5.46 ±38.30

C: 8.71 ± 40.41

6m: T: 6.19 ±34.01

C: 5.95 ± 45.50

12m:T:1.59± 36.53

C: 6.9 ± 47.09

12

Diarrhea: T: 7, C:3

Headache: T: 4, C: 1

Metallic taste: T: 4, C: 2

Nausea/Vomiting:

T: 5, C: 2

Tsalikis (2014) [33]

Moderate or advanced periodontitis; six pockets > 5mm, CAL > 3mm with radiographic bone loss

A1CNow + Multitest HbA1c system

T: 6.70 ± 0.61

C: 6.89 ± 0.60

3m: T: 0.08 ± 0.58

C: -0.07 ± 0.88

6m: T: 0.22 ± 0.67

C: 0.09 ± 0.77

na

6

C: 1 reported Dizziness and difficulty to swallow

Wu (2015) [34]

mean CAL > 1mm (American Academy of Periodontology criteria)

immunoturbidimetry

T: 7.41 ± 0.20

C: 7.39 ± 0.16

3m: T: 0.01 ± 0.19

C: 0.01 ± 0.16

6m: T: 0.32 ± 0.17

C: 0.03 ± 0.17

na

6

na

Koçak (2016) [35]

≥ 8 sites with PPD ≥5mm

na

T: 6.9 ± 0.7

C: 6.5 ± 0.6

T: 0.41 ± 0.19

C: 0.22 ± 0.25

na

3

na

Kumari (2016) [10]

Chronic periodontitis; PPD ≥ 5 mm or CAL ≥ 4 mm, and vertical bone loss ≥ 3 mm on intraoral periapical radiographs

na

T: 6.72 ± 0.13

C: 6.75 ± 0.12

3m: T: 0.04 ± 0.14

C: 0.03 ± 0.13

6m: T: 0.06 ± 0.13

C: 0.04 ± 0.13

9m: T: 0.07 ± 0.13

C: 0.06 ± 0.13

na

9

No

Ramos (2016) [36]

At least one site with PPD ≥ 5 mm on each quadrant and two teeth with CAL ≥ 6 mm

High pressure liquid chromatography

T: 10.6 ± 1.99

C: 9.69 ± 1.68

T: 0.99 ± 1.00

C: 0.76 ± 0.73

na

3

No