Table 3 Characteristics of the included animal model experiments

Matsubara et al., 2012 [33]

DBA/2

Male

6–8

–

The combination of L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus

0.2 ml suspension (10⁹ probiotics)

Start 2 weeks before Candida inoculation, qd, 27d

Blank control

Candida counts

Nystatin

Ishijima et al., 2012 [34]

ICR

Female

6

Candida cotton swab to wipe oral mucosa

S. salivarius K12

0.05 ml suspension

24 h, 3 h before Candida inoculation, 3 h, 24 h, 27 h after Candida inoculation

Blank control

Candida counts, Oral infection score, Histology

Fluconazole

Elahi et al., 2005 [35]

DBA/2, BALB/c (Test data not published)

Male

6–8

Candida cotton swab to wipe oral mucosa

The combination of L. acidophilus and L. fermentum

0.2 ml suspension (10⁹ probiotics)

Start 2 weeks before Candida inoculation, qd, 28d

Blank control

Candida counts, IL-4, IL-12, IFN-γ, NO

Ishijima et al., 2014 [36]

ICR

Female

6

Candida cotton swab to wipe oral mucosa

E. faecalis

0.05 ml suspension

24 h, 3 h before Candida inoculation, 3 h, 24 h, 27 h after Candida inoculation

Blank control

Candida counts, Oral infection score, Histology

Fluconazole

Leao et al., 2018 [37]

Wistar mice (immunosupp-ressed by intraperitoneal injection with dexamethasone (65 mg/kg))

Male

11–12

Candida cotton swab was left for 80 min under the tongue

L. rhamnosus

100 μL suspension (10 ⁹ cells/mL)

2 weeks before Candida inoculation; Probiotics intake when Candida inoculation

Blank control

Candida counts, Inflammatory infiltrate score, The cytokines levels (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and INF-γ)