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Table 2 Items and criteria of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for quality assessment

From: The impact of surgery-first approach on the oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis

 

Items

When to give stars (low risk of bias)

Selection

Representativeness of the exposed cohort

truly or somewhat representative of the average in the community

Selection of the control group

Drawn from the same community as the exposed cohort

Ascertainment of the treatment group

Secure record or structured interview

Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study

Yes

Comparability

Comparability of participants on the basis of the design or analysis

Study controls for the most important factor or any additional factor

Outcome

Assessment of outcome

Independent blind assessment or record linkage

Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur?

Yes

Adequacy of follow-up

Complete follow-up, or Subjects lost to follow-up unlikely to introduce bias, or small number lost follow-up, or description provided of those lost