Table 1 Materials composition and supplier’s details

Hybrid ceramic

Vita Enamic (VE)

(Vita Zahnfabrik; Bad Säckingen, Germany)

LOT41110

SiO_2, Al₂O_3, Na₂O, K₂O, B₂O_3, ZrO_2, CaO, UDMA, TEGDMA

Silane-based primer

Silane (S)

(Silane, Pulpdent Corporation, Watertown, MA, USA)

02471

MPS, 2-Propanol

1. Apply silane using micro-brush

2. Let evaporate for 1 min

3. Blow with gentle air stream until completely dry

Ceramic etchant

IPS Ceramic (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein)

U39349

4.6% Hydrofluoric acid

Universal adhesives

Clearfil Universal Bond (CUB)

(Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc. Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo, Japan)

000001

Bis-GMA, HEMA, ethanol, 10-MDP, hydrophilic aliphatic dimethacrylate,

colloidal silica, DL camphorquinone,

silane coupling agent, accelerators,

initiators, water

1. Dispense one drop each of BOND and “CLEARFIL DC Activator” into a well of the dispensing dish and mix them together with the applicator brush.

2. Apply the mixture then brush and leave it for 5 s.

3. Dry by blowing mild air for more than 5 s until the adhesive shows no move.

Tetric N-Bond Universal (TNU)

(Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein)

U22452

MDP, MCAP, HEMA, D3MA water, ethanol, highly dispersed silicon dioxide, initiators and stabilizers

1. Apply and then scrub for at least 20 s

2. Disperse with oil- and moisture-free compressed air until a glossy, immobile film layer.

Resin cement

(Dual cure)

Variolink Esthetic DC

Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein)

V19788

urethane dimethacrylate, methacrylate monomers, inorganic fillers (ytterbium trifluoride and spheroid mixed oxide), Initiators, stabilizers and pigments

1. Dispense Variolink Esthetic DC from the automix syringe

2. Apply Variolink Esthetic DC directly to surface treated ceramic material.

3. Light cure