Table 2 Laser parameters of the included studies
Study | Type of laser | Mode | Wavelength | Power/Frequency | Power/Energy density | Time of exposure | Method of application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Durmus 2017 [22] | Er: YAG laser | Pulse wave | 2.94 μm | 2 W/10 Hz | NR | The duration of exposure depended on the time needed to guide the laser beam evenly across the pits and fissures to be irradiated | The laser beam was aligned perpendicular to the fissure in noncontact mode at a distance of 1 to 2 mm in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions for etching, and a beam spot size is 0.6 mm. |
Kumar 2016 [23] | Er, Cr: YSGG laser | Pulse wave | 2.78 μm | 1.25 W/20 Hz | 530.5 W/cm2 | 10s | The treatment was performed with a 600 μm diameter tip aligned perpendicularly to the target area at a distance of 1–2 mm from the surface. |
Karaman 2013 [24] | Er, Cr: YSGG laser | Pulse wave | 2.78 μm | 1.25 W/10 Hz | NR | The duration of exposure depended on the time needed to guide the laser beam evenly across the pits and fissures to be irradiated | The treatment was performed with a 600 μm diameter tip aligned perpendicularly to the target area at a distance of 1–2 mm from the surface. |
Walsh 1996 [25] | Carbon dioxide lase | Pulse wave | NR | 5 W/20 Hz | NR | Maximum total time for any one tooth is 7 s | The laser energy was delivered using a flexible waveguide fitted with an angled (105°) handpiece and an 0.8 mm diameter ceramic tip. |
Shindova 2018 [26] | Er: YAG laser | Pulse wave | 2.94 μm | 0.7 W/10HZ | 67 J/cm2 | NR | tip-to-tissue distance was non-contact mode (1.5 mm) and tip diameter was 600 μm |