Table 2 Description of various ways of characterizing the studies (n = 19). Outcome difference is reported only between children/adolescents with JIA and those without JIA, not between subgroups of JIA patients
# Study | Matching Exclusion criteria Non-respondents: Reported (+) Not reported (−) | No of examiners Calibration | JIA assessment | Radio-graphs | Use of diagnostic tools | Outcome difference, Significantly higher: + Significantly lower: - No such difference: 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahmed N et al. 2004 | Gender Ethnicity Mean age: JIA: 8.9 yrs. (3.2) No JIA: 9.2 yrs. (3.2) No exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1 examiner Calibration: (inter- and intra-examiner results) | Not reported | No | Caries: dmfs/dmft, DMFS/DMFT (WHO criteria) [42] Dental Plaque: Plaque score (modified O’Leary index) [43] Gingival inflammation: Simplified Gingival Index (SGI) [43] Spontaneous gingival bleeding. Enamel defects: Federation Dentaire Internationale FDI notation [44] TMJ dysfunction: Signs and symptoms of TMJ disorders (WHO criteria) [45] | dmft/dms: 0 DMFT/DMFS: 0 Untreated caries: + Plaque: 0 Gingival inflammation: + Enamel defects: 0 TMJ dysfunction: + |
Feres de Melo AR et al. 2014 | Gender Mean age: JIA: 9.3 yrs. (1.9) No JIA: 9.5 yrs. (1.8) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1 examiner Calibration: (calibrated, but results not reported) | Medication | No | Caries: dmft/DMFT (WHO 1987) [46] Dental Plaque: Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) [47] Gingival inflammation: Gingival Index (GI) [48] | dmft: 0 DMFT: 0 OHI –S: + GI: 0 |
Lehtinen A et al. 2000 | Mean age: JIA, girls: 10.4 yrs. (2.2), boys: 10.3 yrs. (2.4) No JIA, girls: 9.5 yrs. (1.6), boys: 9.8 yrs. (1.9) No exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1 examiner Blinded Calibration: (inter- and intra-examiner results) | Medication | OPG | Tooth calcification (dental maturation): | Tooth calcification (dental maturation): + |
Leksell E et al. 2008 | Mean age: JIA: 13.6 yrs. (2.3) No JIA: 13.1 yrs. (1.1) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (+) | 1 examiner Blinded Calibration: (inter- examination, but not reported) | Medication Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation Functional ability | BW | Caries: DMFS (enamel caries included) Plaque and calculus [51] Bleeding on probing (BOP): Presence or absence Probing depth (> 2 mm) (PD): Probe in longitudinal axis of the tooth Clinical attachment loss (> 1 mm) (CAL): Distance between cemento-enamel junction and the most apical portion of the probe [51] Oral ulceration: (discontinuation of the epithelia ≥3 mm) Oral Questionnaire: subjective symptoms, tooth brushing habits | DMFS: 0 Plaque: + Calculus: + BOP: + PD: + Oral ulceration: + Self-reported ulcers: + Self-reported pain or weakness in the hand: + Self-reported pain/TMD: + |
Miranda LA et al. 2003 | Gender Mean age: JIA: 15.9 yrs. (2.7) No JIA: 14.7 yrs. (2.3) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1 examiner Blinded Calibration: (no results) | Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation Functional ability | BW | Dental Plaque: Visible Plaque Index (presence or absence) Gingival inflammation: Gingival bleeding index (GBI) (presence or absence) Probing depth (≥ 4 mm) (PD): Distance between the gingival margin and the most apical portion the probe can reach Clinical attachment level (CAL): Distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the most apical portion the probe can reach; attachment loss (AL) when ≥2 mm | Plaque: 0 Bleeding scores: 0 PD: + AL: (≥2 mm): + |
Pugliese C et al. 2016 | Gender Mean age: JIA: 11.9 yrs. (2.0) No JIA: 12.5 yrs. (3.0) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (+) | Number of examiners not reported Calibration: (no results) | Medication Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation | OPG | Caries: DMFT Dental Plaque: Plaque Index (PI) [52] Gingival inflammation: Gingival Index (GI) Gingival bleeding index (GBI) [53] Clinical dental attachment: Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ): the distance from the gingival margin to the CEJ Clinical Attachment Level (CAL): the sum of PPD and CEJ [54] Radiographic evaluation of TMJ: Orthopantomographic X-ray abnormalities (4 grades of severity) [55] | DMFT: 0 PI: 0 GI: 0 GBI: 0 PPD: 0 CEJ: + CAL: 0 |
Reichert S et al. 2006 | Gender Ethnicity Median age: JIA: 14.4 yrs. (range 12–19) No JIA: 15.0 yrs. (range 13–19) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1 examiner Calibration: (no results) | Medication Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation | No | Dental Plaque: Approximal Plaque Index (API) [56] Gingival inflammation: Modified sulcular bleeding (GBI) [57] Clinical attachment level: CAL > 3.5 mm considered pathological according WHO report 1978 [58] Assessment of CAL severity and treatment need: Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) | API: + SBI: 0 CAL > 3.5: + CPITN: 0 |
Santos D et al. 2015 | Mean age: JIA: 9.8 yrs. (2.86) No JIA: 10.8 yrs.(2.16) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (+) | 1 examiner Calibration: (calibrated, but results not reported) | Medication Disease assessment OHRQoL (evaluated by caregivers) | No | Caries: dmft/DMFT Oral hygiene: Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (S-OHI) Gingival inflammation: Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) Signs of TMDs: RDC/TMDS criteria OHRQoL: SF:13-B-PCPQ-scale [59] | dmft: - DMFT: 0 S-OHI: 0 GBI: + TMD: 0 OHRQoL: 0 |
Savioli C et al. 2004 | No matching Median age: JIA: 10.8 yrs. (range 4.7–20) No JIA: 9.4 yrs. (range 5.4–14) No exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1 examiner Calibration: (calibrated, but results not reported) | Disease assessment Functional ability | No | Caries: DMFT, WHO criteria [45] Oral hygiene: Dental Plaque Index (PI) [52] Gingival inflammation: Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) [60] TMJ dysfunction: Helkimo’s index [61] | DMFT: 0 PI: 0 GI: 0 TMJ dysfunction: + |
Welbury RR et al. 2003 | Gender Median age: JIA: 17.9 yrs. (range 2–50) No JIA: 10.8 yrs. Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1 examiner Calibration: (inter-examiner results) | Disease assessment | No | Caries: dmft/DMFT (BASCD criteria) [62] Gingival inflammation: Gingival Index GI [48] Oral hygiene: The Plaque Index (PI) [63] and the Oral Cleanliness Index [64] | dmft (0–11 yrs): + DMFT: 0 D (12–17 yrs): + GI: + PI: + Oral cleanliness: - |
Miranda LA et al. 2005 | Mean age: JIA: 15.6 yrs. (2.7) No JIA: 14.7 yrs. (2.3) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1 examiner Blinded Calibration: (no results) | Medication Disease assessment | BW | Dental Plaque: Visible Plaque Index Gingival inflammation: Marginal Gingival Bleeding (GBI) Probing depth (≥ 4 mm) (PD) Clinical Attachment Level (CAL): Approximal attachment loss (AL) ≥2 mm | Visible plaque: 0 GBI: 0 PD > 4 mm: + AL ≥2 mm: + |
Miranda LA et al. 2006 | Mean age: JIA: 17.3 yrs. (2.6) No JIA: 16.6 yrs. (1.5) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 2 examiners Calibration: (inter-examiner results) | Medication Disease assessment (same as above) | BW | Same variables as above | After 2-yr-follow-up: Visible plaque: 0 GB: 0 PD ≥4 mm: 0 AL ≥2 mm: 0 |
Maspero C et al. 2017 | No matching Mean age: JIA: “Etanercept group”: 13 yrs., 10 mo JIA: “Other medication group”: 10 yrs., 11 mo No JIA: 13 yrs. 6 mo Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1 examiner Calibration: (intra-examiner results) | Disease assessment | No | Dental Plaque: Full-Mouth Plaque Score (FMPS) Gingival Bleeding: Full-Mouth Bleeding Score (FMBS) | FMPS: + (highest mean in Etanercept group) GI: 0 |
Al Shwaikh H et al. 2016 | Mean age: JIA: 14.2 yrs. (range 9–17) No JIA: 13.7 yrs. (range 10–17) Exclusion criteria not listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1 examiner, supervised by radiologist. Calibration: (intra-examiner results) | Assessment of TMJ | CBCT | TMJ destruction features according to criteria for computerized tomography images [65] | Condylar head: Hypoplasia: + Subcortical sclerosis: + Subcortical cyst: + Surface flattening: + Surface erosion: + Osteophyte: + Fossa articulare: Surface flattening: + |
Abdul-Aziez OA et al. 2010 | Gender Mean age: JIA: 14.3 yrs. (2.3) No JIA: 14.5 yrs. (2.9) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | Calibration: (no results) | Medication Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation Functional ability | MRI | Clinical assessment of TMJ [66] Jaw mobility: maximal interincisal mouth opening (MIO); restricted when MIO: ≤40 mm [67] MRI evaluation of TMJ: destruction features according MR [68] | TMJ clinical arthritis parameters: + MIO: - MR score: + |
Mohammed Y et al. 2012 | Gender Mean age: JIA: 14.1 yrs. (2.3) No JIA: 14.5 yrs. (2.8) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | Calibration: (no results) | Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation Functional ability | MRI | Clinical assessment of TMJ [66] Jaw mobility: maximal interincisal mouth opening (MIO) MRI evaluation of TMJ: destruction features according MR [68] | TMJ clinical arthritis parameters: + MIO: - MR score: + |
Leksel E et al. 2012 | Gender Mean age: JIA: 13.6 yrs. (2.3) No JIA: 13.1 yrs. (1.1) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (+) | Examined by 1 senior orofacial pain specialist and 1 specialist in oral radiology Calibration: (no results) | Medication Disease assessment Functional ability | OPG | Orofacial pain/TMJ pain [69, 70] Clinical assessment of TMJ [71] Radiographic evaluation of TMJ [71] | Orofacial pain or TMJ pain: + Orofacial pain - daily life: + Clinical findings: Limited jaw opening: + TMJ sounds: + TMJ and muscle palpation pain: + Tender muscle sites: + Radiographic condylar changes of TMJ: + |
Kobus A et al. 2017 | Gender Ethnicity Mean age: JIA: 12.3 yrs. (4.6) No JIA: 12.6 yrs. (4.4) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (+) | 1 examiner Calibration: (intra-examiner results) | Not reported | Caries: dmft/DMFT, WHO criteria [46] Gingival inflammation: GI index [72] Oral hygiene (OHI-S index) [47] | dmft: 0: DMFT: 0 GI: 0 OHI-S: 0 | |
Ley M et al. 2009 | Mean age: JIA: 12.6 yrs. (range 7.8–16.7) No JIA: norms of dental age from population studies (Germany, Holland, France-Canada) No exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) | 1examiner Calibration: (intra-examiner results) | Not reported. | OPG | Dental maturation [73] | Dental maturation: 0 |