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Table 2 Relationship between ECC in 3–5-year-old children, the seven indicators of poverty and monetary poverty in the low and middle-income countries

From: Association between early childhood caries and poverty in low and middle income countries

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Percentage of children <5 years with moderate to severe underweight

−0.56 (−2.34, 1.21)

−0.46 (−4.29, 3.37)

–

− 0.85 (−5.20, 3.50)

Percentage of the population with surface water coverage

− 0.91 (− 2.12, 0.30)

− 0.56 (− 2.98, 1.85)

–

− 0.70 (−3.27, 1.88)

Percentage of the population with open defecation

−0.06 (− 0.58, 0.46)

−0.15 (−1.01, 0.70)

–

−0.09 (− 1.02, 0.83)

Percentage of children <5 with diarrhea who did not receive ORT with continued feeding

− 0.39 (− 0.80, 0.02)

−0.33 (− 0.91, 0.25)

–

− 0.26 (− 0.95, 0.43)

Percentage of urban population living in slums

−0.09 (− 0.43, 0.24)

0.29 (− 0.55, 1.14)

–

0.35 (− 0.56, 1.27)

No mobile cellular subscription per 100 persons

−0.12 (− 0.30, 0.06)

−0.41 (− 0.89, 0.07)

–

− 0.44 (− 0.95, 0.07)

Primary education non-completion rate

−0.30 (− 0.59, 0.002)

0.06 (− 0.65, 0.77)

 

−0.01 (− 0.80, 0.79)

Percentage of population below the national poverty line

−0.13 (− 0.52, 0.26)

–

− 0.13 (− 0.52, 0.26)

0.19 (− 0.68, 1.06)

Adjusted R2

–

0.15

0.01

0.10

  1. Model 1: univariate- individual factors one at a time; Model 2: seven indicators of poverty (underweight, surface water, open defecation, no diarrhea treatment, living in slums, no cellular phone subscription and primary non-completion rate); Model 3: indicator of monetary poverty; Model 4: indicators in Models 2 and 3
  2. R2 for each of the factor included in the univariate regression in Model 1 = 0.02, 0.03, 0.02, 0.07, 0.02, 0.02, 0.009 and 0.01