Quintiles | Household income | Vertical inequality items | Horizontal inequality items | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total dental expenditure | Out-of-pocket payment | Health insurance payment | Utilization in the past year | Self-reported oral health | DT | ||
Poorest | 3.18% | 10.99% | 11.09% | 9.93% | 14.50% | 24.50% | 23.73% |
2nd | 4.42% | 12.59% | 13.03% | 7.86% | 18.74% | 21.89% | 22.90% |
Middle | 11.78% | 18.45% | 18.92% | 13.41% | 17.94% | 20.89% | 20.55% |
4th | 24.16% | 23.53% | 23.62% | 22.65% | 22.43% | 16.49% | 18.67% |
Richest | 56.46% | 34.44% | 33.35% | 46.15% | 26.39% | 16.23% | 14.16% |
Concentration index/Gini coefficient | 0.4974 | 0.1952 | 0.182 | 0.3376 | 0.1215 | −0.0176 | − 0.1036 |
(standard error) | −0.0039 | − 0.0309 | − 0.0325 | − 0.0621 | − 0.0128 | −0.0021 | 0.0088 |
(p value) | (< 0.001) | (< 0.001) | (< 0.001) | (< 0.001) | (< 0.001) | (< 0.001) | (< 0.001) |
Kakwani index/ | / | −0.3022 | −0.3154 | − 0.1598 | / | − 0.1391 | − 0.2252 |
Horizontal inequality index | |||||||
(standard error) | / | −0.031 | −0.0327 | − 0.0621 | / | − 0.0127 | 0.0152 |
(p value) | / | (< 0.001) | (< 0.001) | −0.010 | / | (< 0.001) | (< 0.001) |