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Table 1 Shares of dental expenditure, utilization of dental service and dental need for all participants

From: Dental expenditure, progressivity and horizontal inequality in Chinese adults: based on the 4th National Oral Health Epidemiology Survey

Quintiles

Household income

Vertical inequality items

Horizontal inequality items

Total dental expenditure

Out-of-pocket payment

Health insurance payment

Utilization in the past year

Self-reported oral health

DT

Poorest

3.18%

10.99%

11.09%

9.93%

14.50%

24.50%

23.73%

2nd

4.42%

12.59%

13.03%

7.86%

18.74%

21.89%

22.90%

Middle

11.78%

18.45%

18.92%

13.41%

17.94%

20.89%

20.55%

4th

24.16%

23.53%

23.62%

22.65%

22.43%

16.49%

18.67%

Richest

56.46%

34.44%

33.35%

46.15%

26.39%

16.23%

14.16%

Concentration index/Gini coefficient

0.4974

0.1952

0.182

0.3376

0.1215

−0.0176

− 0.1036

(standard error)

−0.0039

− 0.0309

− 0.0325

− 0.0621

− 0.0128

−0.0021

0.0088

(p value)

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

Kakwani index/

/

−0.3022

−0.3154

− 0.1598

/

− 0.1391

− 0.2252

Horizontal inequality index

(standard error)

/

−0.031

−0.0327

− 0.0621

/

− 0.0127

0.0152

(p value)

/

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

−0.010

/

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

  1. Legend: All participants were sorted by household income from poor to rich and evenly divided into five groups. The proportion of interested variables of each group against the whole participants were recorded. Proportion for ‘self-reported oral health’ here referred to proportion of poor and very poor self-reported oral health population. Household income was the ranking and reference variable that referred to the ability to pay