Governance, maternal well-being and early childhood caries in 3–5-year-old children

Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; El Tantawi, Maha; Vukovic, Ana; Schroth, Robert J.; Alade, Micheal; Mohebbi, Simin Z.; Al-Batayneh, Ola B.; Arheiam, Arheiam; Amalia, Rosa; Gaffar, Balgis; Onyejaka, Nneka Kate; Daryanavard, Hamideh; Kemoli, Arthur; Díaz, Aída Carolina Medina; Grewal, Navneet

doi:10.1186/s12903-020-01149-9

BMC Oral Health

Table 2 The Direct, indirect and total effects of distal factors affecting populations, and proximal factors affecting women on ECC in 3–5 year old children

From: Governance, maternal well-being and early childhood caries in 3–5-year-old children

Variable	With ECC data				All imputed
Variable	β	SE	P	95% CI	β	SE	P	95% CI
Direct effects
GNI per capita- females	−0.58	0.18	0.008*	−0.93, − 0.22	−0.33	0.08	0.007*	− 0.47, − 0.14
Females’ share of parliament seats, % of total	− 0.41	0.15	0.04*	− 0.65, − 0.03	− 0.08	0.07	0.24	− 0.23 0.04
Legislators, senior officials & managers, females %	0	0	–	0, 0	0.18	0.07	0.008*	0.04, 0.35
Youth unemployment rate, female: male ratio	0	0	–	0, 0	0.07	0.07	0.32	−0.06, 0.19
Mandatory paid maternity leave in days	−0.28	0.09	0.003*	−0.47, − 0.13	0.07	0.06	0.30	−0.06, 0.19
Voice and accountability	−0.40	0.17	0.03*	−0.73, − 0.07	−0.60	0.09	0.004*	−0.79, − 0.44
Political stability & absence of violence/ terrorism	0.70	0.22	0.007*	0.21, 1.14	0.40	0.11	0.004*	0.19, 0.60
Indirect effects
Youth unemployment rate, female: male ratio	0	0	–	0, 0	0.009	0.03	0.81	−0.05, 0.06
Voice and accountability	−0.10	0.19	0.79	−0.42, 0.38	0.12	0.06	0.03*	0.006, 0.23
Political stability & absence of violence/ terrorism	−0.21	0.13	0.03*	−0.61, − 0.03	−0.05	0.04	0.09	−0.14, 0.006
Control of corruption	−0.49	0.17	0.02*	−0.84, − 0.17	−0.23	0.07	0.005*	−0.37, − 0.11
Total effects
GNI per capita- females	−0.58	0.18	0.008*	−0.93, − 0.22	−0.33	0.08	0.007*	−0.47, − 0.15
Females’ share of parliament seats, % of total	−0.41	0.15	0.04*	−0.65, − 0.03	−0.08	0.07	0.24	−0.23, 0.04
Legislators, senior officials & managers, females %	0	0	–	0, 0	0.18	0.07	0.008*	0.04, 0.35
Youth unemployment rate, female: male ratio	0	0	–	0, 0	0.08	0.07	0.28	−0.08, 0.20
Mandatory paid maternity leave in days	−0.28	0.09	0.003*	−0.47, − 0.13	0.07	0.06	0.30	−0.06, 0.19
Voice and accountability	−0.50	0.17	0.01*	−0.80, − 0.15	−0.49	0.10	0.003*	−0.69, − 0.32
Political stability & absence of violence/ terrorism	0.49	0.19	0.02*	0.14, 0.84	0.34	0.10	0.003*	0.14, 0.56
Control of corruption	−0.49	0.17	0.01*	−0.84, − 0.17	−0.23	0.07	0.005*	−0.36, − 0.11

SE Bootstrapped SE of β
95% CI: Bias corrected 95% confidence interval
*: statistically significant at P < 0.05

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ISSN: 1472-6831

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