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Table 2 Dental caries, nutritional status, sugar and second-hand smoke exposure of the pre-schoolers (n = 396)

From: Associations of nutritional status, sugar and second-hand smoke exposure with dental caries among 3- to 6-year old Malaysian pre-schoolers: a cross-sectional study

Variables

n (%)

Mean ± SD

Number of decayed teeth in the primary teeth (dt score)

 

3.56 ± 4.56

 dt = 0

145 (36.6)

 

 dt ≥ 1

251 (63.4)

 

Weight-for-age z score (WAZ)

 

−0.55 ± 1.43

 Underweight

46 (11.8)

 

 Normal

343 (88.2)

 

Height-for-age z-score (HAZ)

 

−0.60 ± 1.03

 Stunted

27 (6.9)

 

 Normal

362 (93.1)

 

BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ)

 

−0.29 ± 1.50

 Wasted/Thinness

29 (7.5)

 

 Normal

302 (77.6)

 

 Overweight

32 (8.2)

 

 Obesity

26 (6.7)

 

Number of smokers at home (n = 395)

  

 0

148 (37.5)

 

 1

215 (54.4)

 

 2

24 (6.1)

 

  ≥ 3

8 (2.0)

 

Number of cigarettes smoked inside the house in a day (n = 243)

  

 Never smoked inside the house

118 (48.6)

 

  ≥ 1 cigarette smoked inside the house per day

125 (51.4)

 

Total sugar exposure (n = 329)

 

4.45 ± 1.46

  ≤ 6 times

294 (89.4)

 

  > 6 times

35 (10.6)

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