Table 2 Describing Details of OHL Tools
Author | Instrument | Year Publication | Setting | Characteristics | Psychometrics | Measure style | Assessment | Scoring categories | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domains assessed | Validation sample population age | Modes of administration in validation study | Number of items | Sample size in validation study | Language of validated version | |||||||
Richman et al., [31] | REALD-99 | 2007 | North Carolina | Pronunciation | Adults: 18 to 64 years | Face-to-face | 99 | 102 | English | REALM Family | Objective | Sum score (0–99) |
Gong et al., [32] | ToFHLiD | 2007 | North Carolina | Comprehension, Numeracy | Adults: 18 to 64 years | Face-to-face | 80 | 102 | English | TOFHLA Family | Objective | Weighted score (0–100) |
Lee et al., [33] | REALD-30 | 2007 | North Carolina | Pronunciation | Adults: 18 to 64 years | Face-to-face | 30 | 202 | English | REALM Family | Objective | Sum score (0–30) |
Sabbahi et al., [34] | OHLI | 2009 | Toronto | Comprehension, Numeracy | Adults: 18 to 64 years | Paper and pencil, Face-to-face | 57 | 100 | English | TOFHLA Family | Objective | Possible range: 0–100 (comprehension score × 1.31, numeracy score × 2.63), with 0–59: inadequate HL, 60–74: marginal HL, and 75–100: adequate HL |
Macek et al., [35] | CMOHK | 2010 | Baltimore | Pronunciation | Adults:aged 45–64 years | Face-to-face | 28 | 100 | – | REALM Family | Objective | CMOHK scores were divided into three categories. Scores from 0 to 11 represented“poor,“12–14 corresponded to“fair,” and 15–23 represented “good” |
Atchison et al., [36] | REALM-D | 2010 | USA | Comprehension, Pronunciation | Adults: 18 to 64 years | Face-to-face | 84 | 200 | English | REALM Family | Objective | Words pronounced correctly received a score of 1, and mispronounced or not attempted words received a score of 0. |
Stucky et al., [37] | TS-REALD | 2011 | North Carolina | Pronunciation | Adults | Face-to-face | 11 | 1405 | English | REALM Family | Objective | Possible range: 0–9 (raw score). For interpretation, raw scores are transformed |
Wong et al., [38] | HKREALD-30 | 2012 | Hong Kong | Comprehension, Numeracy | Adults: 18 to 64 years, Adolescents: 10 to 17 years | Paper and pencil, Face-to-face | 52 | 200 | Cantonese | REALM Family | Objective | Possible range: 0–52, ↑scores = ↑ Oral HL |
Lee et al., [39] | OHLA-S | 2012 | North Carolina | Word recognition section and a comprehension | aged 18 or older but less than 80 years | Face-to-face | 24 | 405 | Spanish and English | REALM Family | Objective | Sum score (0–24) |
Gironda et al., [40] | REALMD-20 | 2013 | USA | Pronunciation | least 18 years of age | Face-to-face | 20 | 200 | English | REALM Family | Objective | Sum score (0–20) |
Wong et al., [41] | HKOHLAT-P | 2013 | Hong Kong | Pronunciation | Adults:aged 45–64 years | Face-to-face | 30 | 200 pairs of paediatric dental patients | Hong Kong | TOFHLA Family | Self-reported | Total score range of 0–52, with higher scores indicating better functional OHL. |
Jones et al., [42] | HeLD | 2013 | Australians | Comprehension, Numeracy | Older Adults: 65+ years, Adults: 18 to 64 years, Adolescents: 10 to 17 years | Paper and pencil, Face-to-face | 29 | 209 | English | Self-reported | NR | |
Naghibi Sistani et al., [43] | OHL-AQ | 2013 | Tehran (Iran) | Reading comprehension,numeracy, literacy and decision making | adults aged between 18 and 65 years | Face-to-face | 17 | 97 | Persian | TOFHLA Family | Self-reported | Possible range: 0–17 Inadequate, 0–9; marginal, 10–11; and adequate, 12–17. |
Tadakamadla et al., [44] | AREALD-30 | 2014 | Saudi Arabia | Pronunciation | aged over 25 years | Face-to-face | 30 | 177 | Arabic | REALM Family | Objective | Sum score (0–30) |
Pakpour et al., [45] | IREALD-99 | 2014 | Iran | Pronunciation | Adults: 18 to 64 years | Face-to-face | 99 | 421 | Persian | REALM Family | Objective | Sum score (0–99) |
Junkes et al., [46] | BREALD-30 | 2015 | Brazilian | Pronunciation | aged 18 to 75 years | Face-to-face | 30 | 258 | Brazilian-Portuguese | REALM Family | Objective | Sum score (0–30) |
Peker et al., [47] | TREALD-30 | 2017 | Turkish | Pronunciation | Adults: 18 to 64 years | Face-to-face | 30 | 127 | Turkish | REALM Family | Objective | Sum score (0–30) |
Cruvinel et al., [48] | REALMD-20 | 2017 | Brazilian | Pronunciation | Older Adults: 65+ years, Adults: 18 to 64 years | Face-to-face | 20 | 200 | Portuguese | REALM Family | Objective | NR |
Bado et al., [49] | OHLA-B | 2017 | Brazilian | Pronunciation and comprehension | Adults | Paper and pencil, Face-to-face | 30 | 20 | Portuguese | REALM Family | Objective | Sum score (0–30) |
Cartes-Velásquez and Luengo Machuca, [50] | OHLI-cl | 2017 | Chilean | Comprehension, Numeracy, General | Adults: 18 to 64 years | Paper and pencil, Face-to-face | 57 | 482 | Spanish | – | Objective | Possible range: 0–100 (comprehension score × 1.31, numeracy score × 2.63), with 0–59: inadequate HL, 60–74: marginal HL, and 75–100: adequate HL |
Cartes-Velásquez and Luengo-Machucaa, [51] | Span-REALD-30 | 2018 | Chilean | Pronunciation, Numeracy, General, Comprehension | Adults: 18 to 64 years | Face-to-face | 30 | 482 | Spanish | – | Objective | NR |