From: Epidemiologic relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Study | Evaluated PD related conditions | Definition of T2DM | Main conclusion and outcome |
---|---|---|---|
PD/non-PD | |||
Awuti 2012 [20] | Moderate PD: PPD ≤6 mm, or CAL of 3–4 mm; or possible presence of slight loose teeth (N = 98) Severe PD: PPD > 6 mm, or CAL ≥5 mm; or more than one loose tooth (N = 77) Control: non-PD (N = 509) | The 1999 WHO criteria and ADA standards | T2DM was more prevalent in moderate PD compared with no PD. Adjusted OR = 4.033, 95%CI 2.069–7.861 T2DM was more prevalent in severe PD compared with no PD. Adjusted OR = 2.313, 95%CI 1.042–5.137 |
Choi 2011 [22] | Top quintile category versus the bottom quintile CAL: Quintile 1 mean CAL = 0.2 mm (N = 2412) Quintile 5 mean CAL = 3.0 mm (N = 2453) | ADA criteria | T2DM was more prevalent in mean CAL 3.0 mm compared with mean CAL 0.2 mm. Adjusted OR = 4.77, 95%CI 2.69–8.46 |
 | Top quintile category versus the bottom quintile PPD: Quintile 1 mean PPD = 0.7 mm (N = 2451) Quintile 5 mean PPD = 2.2 mm (N = 2449) | T2DM was more prevalent in mean PPD 2.2 mm compared with mean PPD 0.7 mm. Adjusted OR = 1.63, 95%CI 1.10–2.42 | |
Mohamed 2013 [37] | Chronic PD: at least one site with PPD of > 4 mm (N = 290) Control: non-PD (N = 157) | The 1999 WHO criteria | T2DM was more prevalent in chronic PD compared with non-PD. Adjusted OR = 4.07, 95%CI 1.74–9.49 |
 | Tooth mobility (N = 153) Control: without tooth mobility (N = 294) | T2DM was more prevalent in participants with tooth mobility compared with those without. Adjusted OR = 5.90, 95%CI 2.26–15.39 | |
 | NOT > 21 teeth (N = 381) Control: NOT≤21 teeth (N = 66) | T2DM was less prevalent in participants with > 21teeth, with an OR of 0.23. Adjusted OR = 0.23, 95%CI 0.08–0.63 | |
Nesse 2010 [40] | PD: CPITN score was ≥3, indicating PPD ≥4 mm (N = 217) Control:non-PD (N = 320) | Clinical examination; or medical record | T2DM was more prevalent in PD compared with non-PD. Adjusted OR = 4, 95%CI 1.03–15.3 |
Saito 2004 [46] | high portion category compared in the low portion CAL: Low mean CAL < 1.5 mm (N = 18) High mean CAL > 2.5 mm (N = 38) | The WHO criteria | T2DM was more prevalent in mean CAL > 2.5 mm compared with mean CAL 0.2 mm. Adjusted OR = 2.0, 95%CI 1.0–3.9 |
 | PPD: Low mean PPD < 1.3 mm (N = 18) High mean PPD > 2.0 mm (N = 32) | T2DM was more prevalent in mean PPD > 2.0 mm compared with < 1.3 mm. Adjusted OR = 2.6, 95%CI 1.3–5.0 | |
Saito 2006 [45] | Mean alveolar bone loss (N = 131) Control: Low alveolar bone loss (N = 49) | The WHO criteria | Mean alveolar bone loss as a continuous variable showed a 1% increase in mean alveolar bone loss corresponded to a 6% increased prevalence of T2DM. Adjusted OR = 1.06 95%CI 1.00–1.12 |
T2DM/non-T2DM | |||
Kaur 2009 [25] | Top quartile compared with three lower quartiles LOT (Quartile 4 vs 1–3) | T2DM: After the age of 29; or insulin started > 1 year after disease onset (N = 310) Non-T2DM (N = 1858) | The OR for increase tooth loss was 1.65 times higher for the T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants. Adjusted OR = 1.65, 95%CI 1.13–2.39 |
Kowall 2015 [27] | PD: at least 2 non-adjacent teeth CAL ≥ 3 mm | Poorly controlled T2DM:HbA1c ≥7% (N = 64) Better controlled T2DM:HbA1c < 7% (N = 137) Non-T2DM (N = 2145) | PD was more prevalent in poorly controlled T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants, which was not statistically significant. Adjusted OR = 1.60 95%CI 0.55–4.63 The prevalence of PD showed no difference between better controlled T2DM patients and non-T2DM participants. Adjusted OR = 0.94 95%CI 0.52–1.67 |
 | Top quartile compared with three lower quartiles Mean CAL ≥ 4 mm (Quartile 4 vs 1–3) | The OR for CAL ≥ 4 mm was 1.36 times higher in poorly controlled T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants, which was not statistically significant. Adjusted OR = 1.36 95%CI 0.75–2.49 The prevalence of CAL ≥ 4 mm showed no difference between better controlled T2DM patients and non-T2DM participants. Adjusted OR = 0.94 95%CI 0.61–1.45 | |
 | Top quartile compared with three lower quartiles Mean PPD (Quartile 4 vs 1–3) | The OR for top PPD was 1.31 times higher for the poorly controlled T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants, which was not statistically significant. Adjusted OR = 1.31 95%CI 0.75–2.30 The prevalence of mean PPD showed no difference between better controlled T2DM patients and non-T2DM participants. Adjusted OR = 1.13 95%CI 0.75–1.71 | |
 | Lowest quartile compared with three higher quartiles NOT (Quartile1 vs 2–4) | The OR for NOT was 1.49 times higher in poorly controlled T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants, which was no statistically significant Adjusted OR = 1.49 95%CI 0.92–2.40 NOT showed no difference between better controlled T2DM patients and non-T2DM participants. Adjusted OR = 1.05 95%CI 0.74–1.50 | |
Leung 2008 [30] | Chronic PD: CPI score of 4 in any one sextant (WHO, 1997). | T2DM: Clinical examination; or medical record (N = 364) Non-T2DM (N = 161) | PD was more prevalent in T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants. Adjusted OR = 1.84 95%CI 1.22–2.77 |
 | CAL ≥ 6 mm | The OR for CAL ≥ 6 mm was 1.71 times higher for T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants. Adjusted OR = 1.71, 95%CI 1.13–2.59 | |
Nelson 1990 [39] | PD: < 24 teeth present;>  6 teeth with ≥25% bone loss and any tooth with ≥50% bone loss. | T2DM: OGTT ≥11.1 mmol/l (N = 720) Non-T2DM (N = 1553) | PD was more prevalent in T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM patients. Adjusted OR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.50–1.79 |
Saito 2005 [47] | Mean PPD ≥1.9 mm | T2DM: The WHO criteria (N = 27) Non-T2DM (N = 360) | The OR for PPD ≥ 1.9 mm was 1.4 times higher for the T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants, which was not statistically significant. Adjusted OR = 1.4 95%CI 0.6–3.2 |
 | Mean CAL ≥2.42 mm | The OR for CAL ≥ 2.42 mm was 1.5 times higher for the T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants, which was not statistically significant. Adjusted OR = 1.5 95%CI 0.7–3.2 | |
Tanwir 2009 [51] | Missing fewer teeth | T2DM: Clinical examination; or medical record (N = 88) Non-T2DM (N = 80) | The OR for missing or fewer teeth was 2.3 times higher for the diabetic patients compared with non-T2DM patients. Adjusted OR = 2.3 95%CI 1.32–4.14 |
Tsai 2002 [52] | Severe PD: at least two sites CAL ≥6 mm at least one site PPD ≥5 mm | Poorly control T2DM:HbA1c ≥9% (N = 170) Better control T2DM:HbA1c < 9% (N = 260) Non-T2DM (N = 3841) | Severe PD was more prevalent in poorly controlled T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants. Adjusted OR = 2.90 95%CI 1.40–6.03 Severe PD was more prevalent in better controlled T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants, but was not statistically significant. Adjusted OR = 1.56 95%CI 0.90–2.68 |
Wang 2009 [53] | PD: The WHO 1997 criteria | T2DM: The 1999 WHO criteria (N = 193) Non-T2DM (N = 8468) | PD was more prevalent in T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM participants. Adjusted OR = 1.34 95%CI 1.07–1.74 |