Table 1 General characteristics of the included studies
Authors/Year (country) | Type of study | M/F (Age range) | Study Groups (Sample size) | Index | Diagnosis of gingivitis | Concentration / Composition of propolis | Professional procedure/ Hygiene during trial | Smoking/ Ortho. appliance | Frequency of mouthwashes used/ durations of rinsing per time | Follow-up Period | Study outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murray et al. 1997 [8] (UK) | Double blind three group parallel study | 41 | G1:propolis (n = 13) G2:CHX 0.12% (n = 14) | PI | – | Propolis Extract 10% in ethanol, polyoxyethelers, Hydrogenated castor oil, sodium nipasept and water | Scaling and polishing, 1 week before. | NM | Twice a day for 1 min | 5 days | CHX was significantly more effective than propolis in reducing plaque. |
Santiago 2018 [18] (Brazil) | Three group parallel study | (20–40 years) | G1:propolis (n=) G2:CHX (n=) G3:propolis plus CHX (n=) | PI (PHP) | – | Propolis-containing mouthwash | Dental plaque was removed at the beginning of the stuy, standard toothbrushes, toothpaste and floss | NM | NM | 14 days | Propolis and CHX showed comparable results in reducing plaque |
Porwal et al. 2018 [22] (India) | Three group parallel Randomized Clinical trial | (20–40) | G1: propolis (n = 10) G2: CHX 0.2% (n = 10) | PI & GI | NM | Raw propolis diluted with distilled water (1:1) | Thorough scaling and root planning | Ortho. treatment or bridge work were excluded | 10 ml mouthwash twice daily | 28 day | Propolis was comparable to CHX in reducing plaque but more effective in reducing gingival inflammation. |
Krishna et al. 2019 [20] (India) | Randomized Controlled clinical trial | 27/18 (18–70) | G1: propolis (n = 15) G2: CHX 0.2% (n = 15) | PI & GI | Chronic generalized gingivitis | 5% propolis | Scaling and root planning | NM | 10 ml daily Twice at morning & twice at night | 6 weeks | Propolis showed significantly better efficacy than CHX in reducing GI and PI . |
Dodwad and Kukreja 2011 [14] (India) | A single blind three-group parallel study | (18–50) | G1: propolis (n = 10) G2: CHX 0.2% (n = 10) | PI & GI | Chronic generalized gingivitis | NM | Professionally scaled and polished, and to refrain from all other oral hygiene measures until the final examination | NM | Twice a day for one min. | 5 days | CHX showed slight better efficacy than propolis in reducing plaque. Propolis was marginally better in reducing gingival inflammation than |
Savita et al. 2018 [21] (India) | Randomized Clinical Crossover Study | NM | G1: Propolis (n = 20) G2: CHX 0.2% (n = 20) | PI & GI | Moderate to severe gingivitis | 20% Propolis Food grade alcohol, Glycerine, Sorbitol, Menthol, Saccharin, Benzyl alcohol and flavor Anise Mint | Supragingival ultrasonic scaling was carried out in the same appointments | Smoking, tobacco chewing. | 10 ml twice daily for two Weeks | 2 weeks | Propolis and CHX were equally effective in reducing PI and GI. |
Abdullah et al. 2003 [19] (Iraq) | Double-blind crossover design | 10 8/2 (20–24) | G1: propolis (n = 10) G2: propolis (ethanol extract) (n = 10) G3: CHX 0.2% (n = 10) | PI | – | (0.5, 1% water extract of propolis, 0.5, 1% ethanolic extract of propolis) with distilled water | Professional scaling & polishing, daily tooth brushing & flossing then abstain all mechanical tooth cleaning effort for the next five days | No any appliance | 15 ml three times daily for one minute each time | 5 days | Propolis 1% ethanolic extract was as effective as CHX in reducing plaque |
Dehghani et al. 2019 [11] (Iran) | Triple-blind parallel-group Clinical trial. | 10\27 (15–35) | G1:popolis (n = 18) G2: CHX 0.12% (n = 19) | PI &GI | Mild to moderate gingivitis | Propolis aqueous extract, Propolis was 1% with a salt concentration of 0.25%, oil of saffron and flavor | Subjects continue their usual daily brushing method (tooth brush and dental floss) during the study period | Non- smokers under fixed ortho. Treatment | 15 ml, twice a day after brushing, for 1 min | 3 weeks | Both mouthwashes were equally efficacious in reducing plaque and gingivitis |
Anauate-Netto et al. 2014 [17] (Brazil) | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | (18–55 yeas) | G1: propolis (n = 20) G2: CHX 0.12% (n = 20) | PBS | No clinical signs of periodontal disease | Alcohol-free, 2% typified propolis, mint Flavor, water, polioxyethelers, sorbitol and blue color | None | Not being a current smoker | 15 ml of mouthrinse twice a day after ordinary oral hygiene procedures | 28 days | Propolis mouthrinse was superior to CHX in reducing mean PBS (P < 0.05). |