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Table 3 Assessment of bias using the Risk of Bias In Non-randomised Studies (ROBINS-I) tool

From: Effectiveness of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices in canine retraction and anchorage preservation during the two-step technique: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors (years of publication)

Bias due to confounding

Bias in selection of participants into the study

Bias in classification of interventions

Bias due to deviations from intended interventions

Bias due to missing data

Bias in measurement of outcomes

Bias in selection of the reported result

Overall bias

Thiruvenkatachari et al., 2006 [38]

Low

Moderate

Low

Low

Low

Serious

Low

Serious

Hedayati et al., 2007 [37]

Low

Moderate

Low

Low

Low

No information

Low

Moderate

Thiruvenkatachari et al., 2008 [39]

Low

Moderate

Low

Low

Low

Serious

Low

Serious

Borsos et al.,2012 [15]

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Chaudhary et al., 2014 [40]

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Serious

Low

Serious