Clinical effects of probiotic or azithromycin as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in the treatment of stage III periodontitis: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial

Morales, Alicia; Contador, Rafael; Bravo, Joel; Carvajal, Paola; Silva, Nora; Strauss, Franz-Josef; Gamonal, Jorge

doi:10.1186/s12903-020-01276-3

Table 1 Baseline data of patients in the treatment groups, intra- and inter-group comparisons of clinical parameters at baseline, 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months follow up

From: Clinical effects of probiotic or azithromycin as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in the treatment of stage III periodontitis: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial

	Baseline (a)	3 months (b)	6 months (c)	9 months (d)	12 months (e)	p value (intra-group)	Post-hoc (Bonferroni adjustment)	Effect size (∆3 months-BL)^f	Effect size (∆6 months-BL)^g	Effect size (∆9 months-BL)^h	Effect size (∆12 months-BL)ⁱ	∆3 months-BL	∆6 months-BL	∆9 months-BL	∆12 months-BL
Age (years)
Probiotic group (n = 16)	46.5 ± 9.3
Antibiotic group (n = 16)	49.0 ± 7.9
Placebo group (n = 15)	52.8 ± 7.5
p value (inter-group)	0.1171
Gender (M/F) (%)
Probiotic group (n = 16)	50.0 / 50.0
Antibiotic group (n = 16)	63.5 / 37.5
Placebo group (n = 15)	53.3 / 46.7
p value (inter-group)	0.8150
Smokers (%)
Probiotic group (n = 16)	43.8
Antibiotic group (n = 16)	18.8
Placebo group (n = 15)	40.0
p value (inter-group)	0.3440
CAL (mm)
Probiotic group (n = 16)	3.8 ± 0.7	3.4 ± 0.6	3.5 ± 0.6	3.5 ± 0.7	3.7 ± 0.6	0.0001	a > b (p = 0.0013)	− 0.4 ± 0.3	− 0.3 ± 0.4	− 0.3 ± 0.3	− 0.1 ± 0.3	− 0.4 ± 0.4	− 0.3 ± 0.4	− 0.3 ± 0.4	− 0.1 ± 0.3
							a > c (p = 0.0151)
							a > d (p = 0.0072)
							a > e (p = 0.3520)
Antibiotic group (n = 16)	4.4 ± 0.9	3.8 ± 0.8	4.0 ± 1.0	4.1 ± 1.0	4.1 ± 1.1	0.0001	a > b (p = 0.0013)	− 0.4 ± 0.3	− 0.4 ± 0.4	− 0.3 ± 0.4	− 0.3 ± 0.4	− 0.5 ± 0.4	− 0.4 ± 0.4	− 0.3 ± 0.4	− 0.3 ± 0.5
							a > c (p = 0.0013)
							a > d (p = 0.0262)
							a > e (p = 0.0262)
Placebo group (n = 15)	4.7 ± 1.5	4.1 ± 1.4	4.2 ± 1.4	4.3 ± 1.5	4.4 ± 1.5	0.0001	a > b (p = 0.0013)	− 0.6 ± 0.4	− 0.5 ± 0.4	− 0.4 ± 0.4	− 0.4 ± 0.3	− 0.6 ± 0.5	− 0.6 ± 0.4	− 0.4 ± 0.5	− 0.4 ± 0.4
							a > c (p = 0.0019)
							a > d (p = 0.0092)
							a > e (p = 0.0031)
p value (inter-group)	0.0823	0.2821	0.3254	0.1589	0.4271							0.2628	0.2906	0.6268	0.1217
PPD (mm)
Probiotic group (n = 16)	2.7 ± 0.6	2.2 ± 0.4	2.3 ± 0.4	2.2 ± 0.3	2.3 ± 0.3	0.0001	a > b (p = 0.0007)	− 0.2 ± 0.1	− 0.2 ± 0.2	− 0.2 ± 0.1	− 0.1 ± 0.2	− 0.5 ± 0.4	− 0.5 ± 0.5	− 0.5 ± 0.4	− 0.4 ± 0.5
							a > c (p = 0.0032)
							a > d (p = 0.0008)
							a > e (p = 0.0061)
Antibiotic group (n = 16)	2.9 ± 0.4	2.2 ± 0.3	2.3 ± 0.3	2.3 ± 0.3	2.3 ± 0.3	0.0001	a > b (p = 0.0006)	− 0.2 ± 0.2	− 0.2 ± 0.1	− 0.2 ± 0.1	− 0.2 ± 0.1	− 0.7 ± 0.5	− 0.6 ± 0.3	− 0.6 ± 0.3	− 0.6 ± 0.4
							a > c (p = 0.0004)
							a > d (p = 0.0004)
							a > e (p = 0.0008)
Placebo group (n = 15)	3.2 ± 0.9	2.4 ± 0.5	2.4 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.6	2.4 ± 0.55	0.0001	a > b (p = 0.0007)	− 0.3 ± 0.2	− 0.3 ± 0.2	− 0.2 ± 0.2	− 0.3 ± 0.2	− 0.8 ± 0.5	− 0.8 ± 0.6	− 0.7 ± 0.6	− 0.7 ± 0.5
							a > c (p = 0.0030)
							a > d (p = 0.0023)
							a > e (p = 0.0008)
p value (inter-group)	0.2436	0.5916	0.4425	0.5391	0.8799							0.2774	0.2266	0.4099	0.1511
BOP (%)
Probiotic group (n = 16)	49.3 ± 18.1	39.2 ± 14.9	42.1 ± 13.6	42.4 ± 14.6	43.0 ± 12.3	0.0001	a > b (p = 0.0386)	− 0.2 ± 0.3	− 0.1 ± 0.4	− 0.1 ± 0.3	− 0.1 ± 0.2	− 10.0 ± 16.6	− 7.1 ± 19.1	− 6.9 ± 13.5	− 6.3 ± 11.2
							a > c (p = 0.1961)
							a > d (p = 0.0703)
							a > e (p = 0.0494)
Antibiotic group (n = 16)	57.4 ± 10.2	41.9 ± 10.9	44.1 ± 13.5	48.1 ± 14.1	42.3 ± 13.3	0.0005	a > b (p = 0.0022)	− 0.3 ± 0.2	− 0.2 ± 0.3	− 0.2 ± 0.3	− 0.3 ± 0.2	− 14.7 ± 11.1	− 13.2 ± 14.9	− 9.2 ± 15.0	− 15.0 ± 12.6
							a > c (p = 0.0052)
							a > d (p = 0.0437)
							a > e (p = 0.0023)
Placebo group (n = 15)	52.5 ± 12.6	40.8 ± 13.3	42.3 ± 15.3	45.2 ± 13.1	40.8 ± 11.5	0.0001	a > b (p = 0.0026)	− 0.2 ± 0.2	− 0.2 ± 0.3	− 0.1 ± 0.3	− 0.2 ± 0.2	− 11.8 ± 11.2	− 10.2 ± 13.3	− 6.7 ± 16.9	− 11.7 ± 10.0
							a > c (p = 0.0107)
							a > d (p = 0.1981)
							a > e (p = 0.0026)
p value (inter-group)	0.2744	0.8560	0.9035	0.5170	0.8703							0.6122	0.5741	0.8760	0.0990
PI (%)
Probiotic group (n = 16)	54.6 ± 18.8	24.7 ± 11.3	25.2 ± 13.1	28.1 ± 14.6	25.1 ± 12.8	0.0003	a > b (p = 0.0004)	− 0.5 ± 0.3	− 0.5 ± 0.4	− 0.5 ± 0.3	− 0.5 ± 0.4	− 29.9 ± 17.2	− 29.3 ± 20.4	− 26.5 ± 19.4	− 29.4 ± 21.2
							a > c (p = 0.0004)
							a > d (p = 0.0006)
							a > e (p = 0.0011)
Antibiotic group (n = 16)	58.6 ± 18.8	25.2 ± 14.0	32.6 ± 15.7	31.8 ± 14.8	32.7 ± 14.0	0.0001	a > b (p = 0.0007)	− 0.6 ± 0.3	− 0.5 ± 0.3	− 0.5 ± 0.3	− 0.5 ± 0.3	− 32.6 ± 16.5	− 26.0 ± 15.0	− 26.9 ± 14.4	− 26.0 ± 16.3
							a > c (p = 0.0005)
							a > d (p = 0.0004)
							a > e (p = 0.0008)
Placebo group (n = 15)	56.1 ± 9.4	32.4 ± 13.9	27.6 ± 12.5	26.8 ± 13.3	35.8 ± 18.3	0.0030	a > b (p = 0.0012)	− 0.4 ± 0.3	− 0.5 ± 0.2	− 0.5 ± 0.3	− 0.4 ± 0.3	− 23.7 ± 15.7	− 28.9 ± 13.9	− 29.1 ± 15.3	− 20.3 ± 16.6
							a > c (p = 0.0015)
							a > d (p = 0.0010)
							a > e (p = 0.0018)
p value (inter-group)	0.7774	0.2022	0.4261	0.6122	0.1789							0.3197	0.8377	0.8951	0.3817

Data presented as mean ± SD or number (%). CAL clinical attachment loss, PPD probing pocket depth, BOP bleeding on probing, PI Plaque index
^fEffect size of (∆3 months‐BL) was calculated by delta mean change from month 3 to baseline over standard deviation of baseline. ^gEffect size of (∆6 months‐BL) was calculated by delta mean change from month 6 to baseline over standard deviation of baseline. ^hEffect size of (∆9 months‐BL) was calculated by delta mean change from month 9 to baseline over standard deviation of baseline. ⁱEffect size of (∆12 months‐BL) was calculated by delta mean change from month 12 to baseline over standard deviation of baseline
Intra-group comparison by Friedman test (p < 0.05) and Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon signed rank test (p < 0.0125). Statistical significant in bold
Inter-group comparison by Fisher's exact test, ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis test (p < 0.05)

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