Publication | Non-oral disease(s) linked to oral microbiota | Proposed mechanism(s) |
---|---|---|
Infective endocarditis | ||
Kawamata et al. [27] [original research] | Infective endocarditis | Bacteraemia |
Cahill and Prendergast [88] [review] | Infective endocarditis | Bacteraemia, colonisation of thrombus following endothelial injury |
Colorectal cancer | ||
Flemer et al. [141] [original research] | Colorectal cancer | Colonisation of colorectal tumour, shared risk factors, possibly Western diet |
Komiya et al. [95] [original research] | Colorectal cancer | Colonisation of colorectal tumour from origins in the mouth |
Abed et al. [96] [original research] | Colorectal cancer | Bacteraemia, colonisation of colorectal tumour via bloodstream |
Central nervous system diseases | ||
Ryder [97] [review] | Alzheimer’s disease | Bacteraemia, infiltration of central nervous system, gingipain activity |
Ballini et al. [105] [original research] | Central nervous system diseases | Perturbed host tissue homeostasis and immune response, chronic host inflammatory response, carriage of pathogens between body sites by macrophages |
Cardiovascular disease | ||
Lockhart et al. [101] [review] | Cardiovascular disease | Shared risk factors, systemic host inflammatory response |
Schenkein and Loos [104]Â [review] | Cardiovascular disease | Systemic host inflammatory response, cross-reactive antibody production, promotion of dyslipidaemia, shared genetic susceptibility factors |
Bansal et al. [102] [review] | Cardiovascular disease | Host inflammatory response, direct induction of inflammatory mediators by bacteria or bacterial products |
Carrizales-Sepùlveda et al. [19] [review] | Cardiovascular disease | Systemic host inflammatory response, oxidative stress, cross-reactive autoantibody production, shared risk factors |
Diabetes mellitus | ||
Lalla and Papapanou [16] [review] | Diabetes | Systemic host inflammatory response, increased proinflammatory cytokine production |
Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
Horz and Conrads [142] [review] | Rheumatoid arthritis | Host immune response |
Bingham and Moni [22] [review] | Rheumatoid arthritis | Porphyromonas gingivalis enzyme activity, host inflammatory response |
Mutiple systemic diseases | ||
Kim and Amar [103] [review] | Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, adverse pregnancy outcomes, osteoporosis | Direct invasion of host tissues, systemic host inflammatory response, changes in host proinflammatory cytokine and hormone levels, shared risk factors |
Borgnakke [98] [review] | Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney disease | Bacteraemia, microbial dysbiosis, host inflammatory response, indirect stimulation of immune response by bacterial products |
Guimarães et al. [99] [book chapter] | Diabetes, cardiovascular disease | Bacteraemia, host inflammatory response |
Joshipura and Andriankaja 2016 [143] [book chapter] | Cardiometabolic conditions | Common risk factors, host inflammatory response |