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Table 1 Description of study groups and respective surface treatments

From: Effects of Er:YAG laser pre-treatment on dentin structure and bonding strength of primary teeth: an in vitro study

Group

Subgroup

N

Description

Control group

–

20

No further treatment of dentin slices

Etchant group

–

20

Dentin slices were etched with 350 g/L phosphoric acid (Gluma, USA) for 20 s and washed thoroughly with plenty of water for 20 s to avoid excessive drying and to maintain wettability

Energy groups (Er:YAG laser treatment; variable energy; frequency of 10 Hz)

50 mJ group

10

Dentin slices were irradiated using an Er:YAG laser (Fotona, Slovenia) with the R14 handle. The laser was adjusted to the multi-streaming processor (MSP) mode and the optical fiber (diameter 0.6 mm) was applied vertical to the surface of the sample for about 1 mm, followed by irradiation using the mesh scanning mode for 10 s at a frequency of 10 Hz and wavelength of 2940 nm, with 60% water, 40% steam, and variable energy (50 mJ, 100 mJ, 150 mJ, 200 mJ, 250 mJ, and 300 mJ)

100 mJ group

10

150 mJ group

10

200 mJ group

10

250 mJ group

10

300 mJ group

10

Frequency groups (Er:YAG laser treatment; variable frequency; energy of 100 mJ)

5 Hz group

10

Dentin slices were irradiated using the Er:YAG laser with the R14 handle. The laser was adjusted to MSP mode and the optical fiber (diameter 0.6 mm) was applied vertical to the surface of the sample for about 1 mm, followed by irradiation using the mesh scanning mode for 10 s at an energy of 100 mJ and wavelength of 2940 nm, with 60% water, 40% steam, and variable frequencies (5 Hz, 10 Hz, 15 Hz, 20 Hz, 25 Hz, and 30 Hz)

10 Hz group

10

15 Hz group

10

20 Hz group

10

25 Hz group

10

30 Hz group

10