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Table 2 Multilevel multivariate generalized estimation equation (logistic regression analysis) for relationship of patient- and clinic-level variables with tooth loss

From: A multilevel analysis of the importance of oral health instructions for preventing tooth loss: The 8020 Promotion Foundation Study of Japanese Dental Patients

 

Dependent variable: Tooth loss (absence = 0, presence = 1)

Crude OR (95%CI)

p value

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

p value

Patient-level variables

 Age (years)

1.05 (1.04–1.06)

 < 0.001

1.03 (1.02–1.04)

 < 0.001

 Number of teeth

0.88 (0.87–0.90)

 < 0.001

0.93 (0.91–0.95)

 < 0.001

 Number of decayed teeth

1.09 (1.02–1.16)

0.011

1.04 (0.97–1.12)

0.253

 Mean PPD (mm)

1.76 (1.58–1.96)

 < 0.001

1.46 (1.26–1.68)

 < 0.001

 BOP (%)

1.01 (1.01–1.01)

 < 0.001

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

0.917

 Gender

  Male

1

 

1

 

  Female

0.70 (0.58–0.84)

 < 0.001

1.21 (0.92–1.60)

0.177

 Smoking

  Never

1

 

1

 

  Past

1.60 (1.31–1.97)

 < 0.001

1.55 (1.19–2.01)

0.001

  Current

1.66 (1.22–2.27)

0.001

1.67 (1.13–2.47)

0.011

 Diabetes mellitus

  No

1

 

1

 

  Yes

1.67 (1.19–2.34)

0.003

1.07 (0.75–1.53)

0.727

 Tooth brushing frequency (times per day)

  ≥ 3

1

 

1

 

  2

1.37 (1.12–1.66)

0.002

1.09 (0.87–1.35)

0.456

  ≤ 1

1.78 (1.34–2.37)

 < 0.001

1.11 (0.81–1.53)

0.525

 Use of secondary oral hygiene productsa

  Yes

1

 

1

 

  No

1.16 (0.95–1.41)

0.149

0.83 (0.65–1.06)

0.134

 Bleeding during tooth brushing

  No

1

 

1

 

  Yes

1.57 (1.31–1.87)

 < 0.001

1.51 (1.23–1.85)

 < 0.001

 Eating between meals

  No

1

 

1

 

   Sometimes

0.66 (0.51–0.85)

0.001

0.77 (0.58–1.02)

0.067

  Everyday

0.57 (0.43–0.75)

 < 0.001

0.75 (0.53–1.05)

0.094

 Reason for dental visit

  Treatment

1

 

1

 

  Both treatment and maintenance

0.78 (0.61–0.99)

0.044

0.74 (0.56–0.98)

0.038

  Maintenance

0.43 (0.35–0.52)

 < 0.001

0.57 (0.45–0.71)

 < 0.001

 Education level (years)

  ≥ 13

1

 

1

 

  ≤ 12

0.62 (0.52–0.74)

 < 0.001

0.95 (0.77–1.18)

0.643

 Economic status

  Low

1

 

1

 

  Middle

0.97 (0.77–1.23)

0.820

0.98 (0.75–1.29)

0.881

  High

1.08 (0.79–1.47)

0.639

1.11 (0.76–1.63)

0.582

 Working status

  Yes

1

 

1

 

  No

1.89 (1.58–2.26)

 < 0.001

1.18 (0.93–1.50)

0.180

Clinic-level variables

 Age of dental clinic director

  30s or 40s

1

 

1

 

  50s

1.37 (1.11–1.68)

0.003

1.28 (1.00–1.64)

0.052

  60s or over

1.43 (1.09–1.86)

0.009

1.28 (0.93–1.75)

0.126

 Gender of dental clinic director

  Male

1

 

1

 

  Female

0.84 (0.57–1.22)

0.350

0.73 (0.48–1.14)

0.164

 Number of dental hygienists

  0

1

 

1

 

  1–3

0.92 (0.73–1.16)

0.470

0.99 (0.77–1.27)

0.922

  ≥ 4

0.62 (0.45–0.85)

0.003

0.68 (0.50–0.99)

0.047

 Time for oral health instruction (min)

  0

1

 

1

 

  1–9

0.97 (0.75–1.27)

0.850

1.03 (0.76–1.40)

0.861

  10–19

0.75 (0.57–0.99)

0.039

0.79 (0.57–1.08)

0.140

  ≥ 20

0.65 (0.48–0.88)

0.006

0.69 (0.50–0.96)

0.028

  1. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PPD, probing pocket depth; BOP, breeding on probing
  2. aDental floss or interdental brush