Fig. 1

Cell viability of single-species and co-culture biofilms (n = 12). a Development stage of biofilms at 24 h and 72 h. Co-culture biofilms of C. albicans and S. salivarius showed a statistically significant difference between 24 and 72 h of biofilm development compared to single-species biofilms (p < 0.05). Connected groups present a statistical difference (Mann–Whitney, p < 0.05). Data shown are from box-plot: each box contains 50% of the group data; the lower and upper limits represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively; bars represent the minimum and maximum values, and the horizontal line inside the box represents median. b Biofilm types (single-species or co-culture biofilms) within the same time interval (24 h or 72 h). Cell viability of S. salivarius at 24 h differed statistically between single-species and co-culture biofilms. (p < 0.05). Connected groups present a statistical difference (Mann–Whitney, p < 0.05). Data shown are from the box-plot: each box contains 50% of the group data; the lower and upper limits represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively; bars represent the minimum and maximum values, and the horizontal line inside the box represents median