Table 3 Change of titanium surfaces after ultrasonic instrumentation with different tips based on SEM imaging
I | II | III | IV | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface type | Moderate rough | Moderate rough | No pre- instrumentation | machined | ||||
Surface morphology | Tip remnants | Tip remnants | Tip remnants | Tipremnants | ||||
A | Loss of characteristic morphology, flatter | None | Loss of characteristic morphology, flatter | None | visible traces of instrumentation, slightly flatter | None | Scratches, rougher | None |
(n = 4 × 8) | ||||||||
B | Slightly flatter | Sporadic | Slightly flatter | Sporadic | No changes | Sporadic | No changes | None |
(n = 4 × 8) | ||||||||
C | Loss of characteristic morphology, flatter | None | Loss of characteristic morphology, flatter | None | visible traces of instrumentation, slightly flatter | None | Scratches, rougher | None |
(n = 4 × 8) | ||||||||
D | No changes | Sporadic | No surface changes | Slight | No changes | Slight | No changes | None |
(n = 4 × 8) | ||||||||
E | No changes | abundant | No surface changes | abundant | No changes | abundant | No changes | None |
(n = 4 × 8) | ||||||||