Characteristics | Count, n (Unweighted) | Estimated population, N (Weighted) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Malaysia | 1596 | 2,848,576 | 13.2 (12.0–14.5) | – |
Predisposing factors | ||||
Demographic profile | ||||
Sex | ||||
 Male | 574 | 1,136,872 | 10.5 (8.9–12.4) |  < 0.001 |
 Female | 1022 | 1,711,703 | 15.8 (14.3–17.4) | |
Age group (years) | ||||
 18–34 | 595 | 1,377,064 | 14.3 (12.3–16.5) |  < 0.001 |
 35–44 | 376 | 571,705 | 13.7 (11.7–15.9) | |
 45–59 | 420 | 637,588 | 13.8 (12.0–15.8) | |
 60 +  | 205 | 262,219 | 8.2 (6.7–10.0) | |
Ethnicity | ||||
 Malay* | 1101 | 1,592,232 | 14.3 (13.0–15.7) | 0.093 |
 Chinese | 172 | 586,266 | 12.7 (9.8–16.2) | |
 Indian | 109 | 203,961 | 15.4 (11.5–20.3) | |
 Other Bumiputera | 170 | 313,197 | 13.8 (10.9–17.4) | |
 Others | 44 | 152,921 | 6.6 (2.8–14.7) | |
Citizenship | ||||
 Malaysian | 1545 | 2,661,177 | 13.9 (12.7–15.1) | 0.080 |
 Non-Malaysian | 51 | 187,399 | 7.5 (3.6–15.0) | |
Marital status | ||||
 Single | 346 | 815,440 | 13.0 (11.0–15.3) | 0.001 |
 Married | 1138 | 1,906,892 | 14.0 (12.5–15.6) | |
 Widow(er)/Divorcee | 112 | 126,244 | 7.3 (5.8–9.2) | |
Socioeconomic status | ||||
Education level | ||||
 No formal education | 50 | 89,293 | 7.5 (5.0–11.1) |  < 0.001 |
 Primary education | 193 | 282,622 | 6.5 (5.2–8.3) | |
 Secondary education | 732 | 1,316,176 | 12.5 (10.9–14.2) | |
 Tertiary education | 621 | 1,160,485 | 20.8 (18.2–23.6) | |
Occupation | ||||
 Government employee | 280 | 326,851 | 21.6 (18.2–25.5) |  < 0.001 |
 Private employee | 453 | 1,046,103 | 12.8 (10.7–15.3) | |
 Self-employed | 226 | 395,824 | 10.3 (8.4–12.5) | |
 Unpaid worker/Housewife | 318 | 528,136 | 14.3 (12.3–16.5) | |
 Retiree | 80 | 94,921 | 12.9 (9.2–17.8) | |
 Student | 79 | 181,488 | 21.0 (14.7–29.1) | |
 Not economically active†| 160 | 275,252 | 9.7 (7.7–12.3) | |
Working status | ||||
 Not working | 647 | 1,091,949 | 13.3 (11.8–15.0) | 0.826 |
 Working | 949 | 1,756,627 | 13.1 (11.6–14.7) | |
Health belief | ||||
Medical check-up | ||||
 Yes | 812 | 1,268,343 | 17.7 (15.9–19.6) |  < 0.001 |
 No | 784 | 1,580,233 | 10.9 (9.5–12.5) | |
Enabling factors | ||||
Household income quintile | ||||
 Q1 (20% poorest) | 246 | 467,068 | 10.4 (8.6–12.4) |  < 0.001 |
 Q2 | 261 | 464,069 | 10.8 (8.3–14.1) | |
 Q3 | 280 | 464,103 | 10.5 (8.8–12.6) | |
 Q4 | 343 | 597,262 | 14.1 (12.1–16.4) | |
 Q5 (20% richest) | 466 | 856,073 | 20.3 (17.4–23.6) | |
Urbanity | ||||
 Urban | 1074 | 2,221,183 | 13.6 (12.1–15.2) | 0.159 |
 Rural | 522 | 627,393 | 11.8 (10.0–13.9) | |
Need factor | ||||
Self-rated health status | ||||
 Good to excellent health | 1190 | 2,234,735 | 13.1 (11.7–14.6) | 0.730 |
 Fair health | 377 | 561,916 | 13.8 (11.8–15.9) | |
 Poor to very poor health | 29 | 51,925 | 11.6 (7.0–18.6) |