Table 3 Logistics regression analysis of oral healthcare utilisation among adults aged 18 years and over

Sex

 Female

1.59 (1.29–1.97)

1.57 (1.25–1.96)

 Male

Ref

Ref

Age group (years)

 18–34

1.87 (1.43–2.44)

1.64 (1.15–2.33)

 35–44

1.77 (1.34–2.35)

1.42 (0.98–2.07)

 45–59

1.79 (1.39–2.32)

1.44 (1.03–2.00)

 60 + 

Ref

Ref

Ethnicity

 Malay*

1.15 (0.85–1.57)

 Indian

1.26 (0.81–1.94)

 Other Bumiputera

1.11 (0.73–1.67)

 Others

0.49 (0.19–1.24)

 Chinese

Ref

Citizenship

 Malaysian

1.98 (0.91–4.33)

1.30 (0.59–2.88)

 Non–Malaysian

Ref

Ref

Marital status

 Single

1.89 (1.41–2.53)

1.33 (0.88–2.02)

 Married

2.05 (1.56–2.70)

1.65 (1.23–2.22)

 Widow(er)/Divorcee

Ref

Ref

Education level

 No formal education

Ref

Ref

 Primary education

0.87 (0.53–1.40)

0.83 (0.51–1.38)

 Secondary education

1.76 (1.10–2.80)

1.42 (0.78–2.58)

 Tertiary education

3.24 (2.04–5.14)

2.21 (1.23–3.99)

Occupation

 Government employee

2.57 (1.83–3.60)

1.06 (0.72–1.56)

 Private employee

1.37 (0.98–1.90)

0.96 (0.68–1.34)

 Self–employed

1.06 (0.77–1.48)

0.87 (0.60–1.24)

 Unpaid worker/Housewife

1.54 (1.14–2.10)

0.98 (0.70–1.38)

 Retiree

1.38 (0.90–2.10)

1.14 (0.69–1.86)

 Student

2.47 (1.51–4.05)

1.52 (0.88–2.60)

 Not economically active^†

Ref

Ref

Working status

 Working

0.98 (0.82–1.17)

 Not working

Ref

Medical check–up

 Yes

1.75 (1.46–2.11)

1.86 (1.53–2.25)

 No

Ref

Ref

Household income quintile

 Q1 (20% poorest)

Ref

Ref

 Q2

1.05 (0.74–1.49)

1.01 (0.72–1.41)

 Q3

1.02 (0.78–1.33)

0.86 (0.65–1.16)

 Q4

1.42 (1.11–1.81)

1.12 (0.85–1.46)

 Q5 (20% richest)

2.20 (1.67–2.91)

1.43 (1.04–1.96)

Urbanity

 Urban

1.18 (0.94–1.48)

0.96 (0.77–1.20)

 Rural

Ref

Ref

Self-rated health status

 Good to excellent health

1.15 (0.65–2.03)

 Fair health

1.22 (0.69–2.16)

 Poor to very poor health

Ref