Fig. 5
From: Substance P participates in periodontitis by upregulating HIF-1α and RANKL/OPG ratio
Substance P promoted RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro. The expression of HIF-1α was observed in BMMs stimulated with 1 μg/ml LPS with or without 10 nM substance P. Increased expression was found in the LPS + SP group (a). Compared with the RANKL group (B1), more TRAP positive osteoclasts were detected in the RANKL+ 10 nM SP (B2) and RANKL+ 50 nM SP groups (B3). Both 10 nM and 50 nM substance P upregulated RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation (*P < 0.05) (C1)