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Table 1 Measurement of latent variables

From: Structural equation model for parental influence on children’s oral health practice and status

Latent variable

Observed variable

Abbreviation

 

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Education level a

edu

1 = Primary

2 = Secondary

3 = Post-secondary and Tertiary

Family income per month a

income

1 = <HKD10,000

2 = HKD10,000-HKD20,000

3= > HKD20,000

Oral health

knowledge and attitude (OHKA)

Oral health knowledge score b

know

Ranged from 0 to 12

Oral health attitude score b

atti

Ranged from 0 to 8

Parents’ oral health

knowledge and attitude towards children (POHKA)

Knowledge to deal with child’s oral problem a

knowledge

0 = Incorrect

1 = Correct

Oral health attitude score b

attitude

Ranged from 0 to 4

Parents’ oral health behaviors (OHB)

Tooth brushing frequency per day a

brush

0 = Less than twice a day

1 = Twice a day or more

Daily use of dental floss a

floss

0 = No, 1 = Yes

Regular dental visit a

checkup

0 = Irregular, 1 = Regular

Children’s oral health behaviors (COHB)

Tooth brushing frequency per day a

Cbrush

0 = Less than twice a day

1 = Twice a day or more

Daily use of dental floss a

Cfloss

0 = No, 1 = Yes

Regular dental visit a

Ccheckup

0 = Irregular, 1 = Regular

Parents’ oral health status (OHS)

Number of decayed teeth b

DT

 

Presence of periodontal pocket a

pocket

0 = Absence of periodontal pocket

1 = Presence

Visual plaque index b

VPI

Ranged from 0 to 100%

Children’s oral health status (COHS)

Number of decayed teeth b

dt

 

Gingival bleeding index b

GBI

Ranged from 0 to 100%

Visual plaque index b

CVPI

Ranged from 0 to 100%

Lifestyle

Daily smoker or not a

smoke

0 = No smoking, 1 = Smoking

  1. aCategorical variable
  2. bContinuous variable