An anatomical perspective on clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of dorsal and ventrolateral tongue leukoplakia after carbon dioxide laser surgery

Table 1 Characteristics of patients who received laser surgery for tongue

	Case no.	%
leukoplakia (n = 111)
Gender
Female	31	27.93
Male	80	72.07
Age (mean ± standard deviation: 51.86 ± 11.84 years old)
< 65	95	85.59
≥ 65	16	14.41
Alcohol drinking
No	74	66.67
Ex-drinker	26	23.42
Current drinker	11	9.91
Smoking
No	34	30.63
Ex-smoker	30	27.03
Current smoker	47	42.34
Betel quid chewing
No	61	54.95
Ex-chewer	43	38.74
Current chewer	7	6.31
Diabetes mellitus^a
No	87	79.82
Yes	22	20.18
Metformin taken^b
No	89	83.18
Yes	18	16.82
Occurrence of leukoplakia in addition to tongue^c
No (single)	51	45.95
Yes (multi-focal)	60	54.05
Candida infection^d
No	103	92.79
Yes	8	7.21
Subsites of tongue leukoplakia^d
Dorsal tongue mucosa	27	22.88
Ventrolateral tongue mucosa	91	77.12
Morphological outlooks
Homogeneous	83	74.77
Non-homogeneous	28	25.23
Histopathological diagnosis
Squamous hyperplasia	34	30.63
Mild dysplasia	51	45.95
Moderate dysplasia	16	14.41
Severe dysplasia / carcinoma in situ	10	9.01
Postoperative recurrence
No	96	86.49
Yes	15	13.51
Postoperative malignant transformation
No	107	96.40
Yes	4	3.60
Body mass index^e	26.42 ± 4.71
Area (cm²) of the lesion(s)^f	1.48 ± 1.53
Cumulative malignant transformation rate	3.60%
Duration of follow-up (year)	3.74 ± 4.19
Time to develop recurrence (year)	4.84 ± 4.36
Time to develop carcinoma (year)	3.35 ± 1.67
Annual recurrence rate^g	2.79%
Annual transformation rate^g	1.08%

^aTwo pieces of missing data in the group of diabetes mellitus (n = 109)
^bFour pieces of missing data in the group of metformin taken (n = 107)
^cIf a patient has other sites of oral leukoplakia in addition to tongue, the patient will be categorized as "Yes"
^dSeven patients had both dorsal and ventrolateral tongue leukoplakia
^eFour pieces of missing data if the group of body mass index (n = 107)
^fIf the patient has more than 1 site of tongue leukoplakia, the area is the sum of all tongue leukoplakia lesions
^gThe annual recurrence rate and annual transformation rate is calculated by the recurrence rate and malignant transformation rate divided by the average time of development of recurrence or carcinoma (year)

ISSN: 1472-6831