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Table 4 Summary of findings table according to the GRADE approach

From: Effects of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Quality assessment

No of patients

Effect

Quality

No of studies

Design

Risk of bias

Inconsistency

Indirectness

Imprecision

Other considerations

Mouth breathing

Nasal breathing

Relative (95% CI)

Absolute

SN-OP (Better indicated by lower values)

4

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

171

286

–

MD 3.2 higher (2.44 to 3.97 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

SNA (Better indicated by lower values)

5

Observational studies

seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

215

315

–

MD 1.61 lower (2.3 to 0.91 lower)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

SNB (Better indicated by lower values)

6

Observational studies

seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

328

428

–

MD 1.92 lower (2.74 to 1.1 lower)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

ANB (Better indicated by lower values)

5

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

276

336

–

MD 0.79 higher (0.1 to 1.49 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

SNGoGn (Better indicated by lower values)

7

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

383

483

–

MD 4.46 higher (3.52 to 5.39 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

1-NA (Better indicated by lower values)

4

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

171

286

–

MD 0.72 higher (0.23 to 1.2 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

1.NA (Better indicated by lower values)

4

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

171

286

–

MD 1.98 higher (0.3 to 3.66 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

low

1-NB (Better indicated by lower values)

3

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

156

274

-

MD 1.06 higher (0.55 to 1.57 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

1.NB (Better indicated by lower values)

4

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

171

286

–

MD 0.41 higher (1.23 lower to 2.04 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

SPAS (Better indicated by lower values)

3

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

156

274

–

MD 5.23 lower (5.95 to 4.51 lower)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

SN-PP (Better indicated by lower values)

2

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

147

127

–

MD 0.68 higher (0.21 to 1.15 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

PAS (Better indicated by lower values)

4

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

171

286

–

MD 2.11 lower (2.9 to 1.32 lower)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

PP-MP (Better indicated by lower values)

2

Observational studies

No serious risk of biasa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

142

127

–

MD 4.92 higher (4.1 to 5.74 higher)

⊕⊕⊕◯◯

Moderate

Overjet (Better indicated by lower values)

2

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

133

133

–

MD 0.23 higher (1.39 to 1.84 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

C3-H (Better indicated by lower values)

4

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

171

286

–

MD 1.34 lower (1.96 to 0.72 lower)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

Overbite (Better indicated by lower values)

2

Observational studies

Seriousa

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1 a

133

133

–

MD 1.19 lower (3.24 lower to 0.85 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

MP-H (Better indicated by lower values)

4

Observational studies

Serious a

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Reduced effect for RR >  > 1 or RR <  < 1a

171

286

–

MD 0.49 higher (0.64 lower to 1.61 higher)

⊕⊕◯◯

Low

  1. Author(s): ziyi zhao, Date: 2020-07-22, Question: Should mouth breathing versus nasal breathing be used for facial growthing?, Settings: Cephalogram, Bibliography: zhao z. Mouth breathing for facial growthing. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Year], Issue [Issue]
  2. aThere are several confounding factors such as age, sex, cause of mouth breathing