Table 3 Statistically significant socio-economic, socio-demographic, school type and geographical-related determinants contributing to dental caries
Determinants | Association: positive ( +), negative (−)a | Author study design | Country | Type of dentition | N | Age group (gender) | Study setting | Scoring system | Type/s of statistical analysis | Dental caries/scoring results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother’s attributes | ||||||||||
Mother’s education | – | Abu Hamila [21] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 560 | 1–3.5 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 69.6% dmft = 2.1–7.6 |
Mother’s education | – | Bashirian et al. [26] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 988 | 7–12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | ANOVA | DCP = 80.36% dmft = 3.61 DMFT = 0.79 |
Mother’s education | – | Shaghaghian et al. [37] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 396 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 69.9% dmft = 3.88 |
Mother’s education | – | Haghdoost et al. [29] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 8725 | 6 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO | Linear regression, Logistic regression | DCP = 87% |
Mother’s education | – | Khani-Varzegani et al. [31](CS) | Iran | Primary | 756 | 4–7 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | dmft median (25th–75th percentile): All = 4(2–8) Males = 4(2–9) Females = 5(2–8) |
Mother’s education (low levels) | + | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted odds ratios Multivariate model logistic regression | DCCP = 83% dmft 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Mother’s education | – | Al-Meedani [58] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 388 | 3–5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, dmfs) | Chi-Square Z-test | DCP = 69% dmft = 3.4 dmfs = 6.9 |
Mother’s education | – | Quadri et al. [67] (CS) | KSA | Primary Permanent | 853 | 6–15 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dft, DMFT) | Multi regression | DCP = 91.3% |
Mother’s education | – | Al-Malik et al. [57] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 987 | 2–5 y (M, F) | School | BASCD (dmft, dmfs) | Stepwise multiple logistic regression | DCP = 73% Rampant caries = 43% dmft = 4.8 dmfs = 12.7 |
Mother’s education (number of filled teeth in the child) | + | Azizi et al. [52] (CS) | Palestine | Primary | 1376 | 4–6 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Not indicated | DCP = 76% dmft = 2.46 |
Mother’s education | – | Ozer et al. [83] (CS) | Turkey | Primary | 226 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) AAPD | Bivariate analysis | ECCP = 46.9% dmft = 2.87 |
Mother’s education | – | Namal et al. [81] (CS) | Turkey | Primary | 542 | 5–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multiple logistic regression | DCP = 76.8% dmft = 3.74 (3.49) SiC = 7.75 (2.56) |
Mother’s education | – | Elamin et al. [89] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 186 | 1.5–4 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | T-test, Pearson-s | DCP: 41% dmft:1.7 ± 2.81 |
Mother’s occupation (Employed) | + | Abu Hamila [21] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 560 | 1–3.5 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 69.6% dmft = 2.1–7.6 |
Mother’s occupation (not employed) | + | Amin & Al-Abad [62] (CS) | KSA | Permanent | 1115 | 10–14 y (M) | School | WHO | Stepwise logistic regression | DCP = 68.9% |
Mother’s caries experience | + | Kabil & Eltawil [18] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 140 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT) AAPD | Logistic regression | DMFT = 9.96 |
Mother’s current caries experience | + | Kabil & Eltawil [19] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 108 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO | Logistic regression | ECCP = 57% (2–3 y), 73% (3–4 y) |
Father’s attributes | ||||||||||
Father’s education (CAST score of ≥ 3 in primary molar teeth) | − | Babaei et al. [24] (CS) | Iran | Primary & Permanent molar teeth | 739 | 6–7 y (M, F) | School | CAST indexb | Multivariate logistic regression | Permanent molars: Healthy status in 89.3–93.7% of the teeth Primary molars: Morbidity status in 25.3 to 31.2% of the teeth Serious morbidity status with Pulp involvement in 2.9–10.5% of the teeth and abscess/fistula in < 1% of the teeth |
Father’s education | − | Bayat-Movahed et al. [27] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 18,946 | 3,6,9,12 y (M, F) | Community health centres | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | T-test, Z test | dmft = 1.9 (3 y) dmft = 5.0 (6 y) dmft = 3.6 (9 y) dmft = 0.6 (12 y) DMFT = 0.2 (6 y) DMFT = 0.9 (9 y) DMFT = 1.9 (12 y) |
Father’s Education | − | Huew et al. [50] (CS) | Libya | Permanent | 791 | 12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT, DMFS) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 57.8% DMFT = 1.78 DMFS = 2.39 |
Father’s Education | Unclear | Khadri et al. [90] (CS) | UAE | Permanent | 803 | 11–17 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate regression | DCP = 75% DMFT = 3.19 (SD 2.9) |
Father’s Occupation | + | Shaghaghian et al. [37] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 396 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 69.9% dmft = 3.88 |
Father’s occupation (Low educational occupations) | + | Namal et al. [80] (CS) | Turkey | Primary | 598 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dft) | Multiple logistic regression | DCP = 74.1% |
Father’s occupation (Self-employment) | + | Amanlou et al. [22] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 205 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT)c | Stepwise multiple regression | DCP = 49.3% DMFT = 0.99 (SD 0.13) |
Parents attributes | ||||||||||
Parents’ education (primary dentition) | − | Abbass et al. [20] (CS) | Egypt | Primary Mixed Permanent | 369 | 3–18 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, deft, DMFT) | Kruskal–Wallis, Spearman’s | DCP = 74% dmft = 3.23 (SD 4.07) deft = 4.21 (SD 3.21) DMFT = 1.04 (SD 1.56) |
Parents’ education level | - | Sistani et al. [38] (CS)d | Iran | Primary | 2080 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | T-test, ANOVA | ECCP varied between 51.1 and 71.9% during 2007–2015 dmft = 4.01 (SD 3.89) |
Socio-economic factorse | + | Ahmed et al. [41] (CS) | Iraq | Permanent | 392 | 12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | ANOVA | DCP = 62% DMFT = 1.7 |
Parents’ Education | − | Al-Mendalawi & Karam, 2014 [40] (CC) | Iraq | Primary | 684 | < 6 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT)f | Chi-Square | DMFT = 2.03 |
Parents Education | − | Rajab et al. [42] (CS) | Jordan | Primary Permanent | 2496 (6 y) 2560 (12 y) | 6 y, 12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | Multivariate analysis linear regression | DCP = 76.4% (6 y) DCP = 45.5% (12 y) dmft = 3.3 (6 y) DMFT = 1.1 (12 y) |
Parents’ employment status | − | Sistani et al. [38] (CS)d | Iran | Primary | 2080 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | T-test, ANOVA | ECCP varied between 51.1 and 71.9% during 2007–2015 dmft = 4.01 (SD 3.89) |
Parents’ employment status | − | Khodadadi et al. [32] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 384 | 21–84 m (M, F) | Not specified | WHO (dmft) | Multiple linear regression | dmft = 8.2 |
Socio-economic statusg | − | Abbass et al. [20] (CS) | Egypt | Primary Mixed Permanent | 369 | 3–18 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, deft, DMFT) | Kruskal–Wallis, Spearman’s | DCP = 74% dmft = 3.23 (SD 4.07) deft = 4.21 (SD 3.21) DMFT = 1.04 (SD 1.56) |
Family affluent scale | − | Khani-Varzegani et al. [31] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 756 | 4–7 y (M, F) | School | WHO | Multivariate analysis | dmft median (25th–75th percentile): All = 4(2–8) Boys = 4(2–9) Girls = 5(2–8) |
Income | − | Al-Mendalawi & Karam [40] (CC) | Iraq | Primary | 684 | < 6 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT)f | Chi-Square | DMFT = 2.03 |
Low family income | + | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Odds Ratios, Multivariate model logistic regression | DCCP = 83% dmft 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Lack of dental insurance- | + | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Odds Ratios, Multivariate model logistic regression | DCCP = 83% dmft 4.20 (SD ± 2.96) |
Socio-Economic Statush | − | Alghamdi & Almahdy [59] (CS) | KSA | Permanent | 610 | 14–16 y (M) | School | Not specified (DMFT) | Logistic regression | DCP = 54.1% |
Socio-Economic Statusi | − | Rajab et al. [42] (CS) | Jordan | Primary Permanent | 2496 (6 y) 2560 (12 y) | 6 y, 12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | Multivariate analysis linear regression | DCP = 76.4% (6 y) DCP = 45.5% (12 y) dmft = 3.3 (6 y) DMFT = 1.1 (12 y) |
Household income | + | Bener et al. [55] (CS) | Qatar | Permanent | 1284 | 6–15 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 73% DMFT = 4.5 |
House Hold Income | − | Hashim et al. [86] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 1036 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO | Logistic regression | Severe ECCP = 31.1% |
Family demographic | ||||||||||
Sibling order | Variedj | Abu Hamila [21] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 560 | 1–3.5 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 69.6% dmft = 2.1–7.6 |
Number of Siblings | + | Shaghaghian et al. [37] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 396 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 69.9% dmft = 3.88 |
Large family size | + | Al-Meedani [58] (CS) | Iraq | Primary | 684 | 0–6 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, dmfs) | Chi-Square, Z-test | DCP = 69% dmft = 3.4 dmfs = 6.9 |
Large family size | + | Amin & Al-Abed [62] (CS) | KSA | Permanent | 1115 | 10–14 y (M) | School | WHO | Stepwise logistic regression | DCP = 68.9% |
Nationality (Emirati) | + | Elamin et al. [89] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 186 | 1.5–4 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | T-tests Pearson’s | DCP = 41% dmft = 1.7 (SD 2.81) |
Geographical Location | Variedk | Al Mutawa et al. [48] (CS) | Kuwait | Primary | 1277 | 4 &5 y (M, F) | School | WHO | T-test Chi Square | dft/dfs = 3.7/6.9 (4 y) dft/dfs = 4.8/9.6 (5 y) |
Geographical Location | Variedl | Ballouk & Dashash 2019 [70] (CS) | Syria | Primary Permanent | 1500 | 8–12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT, dmft) | ANOVA Chi-Square | DCP = 79.1% dmft = 2.47 (SD 2.94) DMFT = 2.03 (SD 1.81) |
Rural living | + | Al-Mendalawi & Karam [40] (CC) | Iraq | Primary | 684 | < 6 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT)f | Chi-Square | DMFT = 2.03 |
Rural living | + | Elamin et al. [89] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 186 | 1.5–4 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | T-test, -Pearson’s | DCP = 41% Dmft = 1.7 (SD 2.81) |
Urban living | + | Bayat-Movahed et al. [27] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 18,946 | 3,6,9,12 y (M, F) | Community health centres | WHO | T-test Z-test | dmft = 1.9 (3 y) dmft = 5.0 (6 y) dmft = 3.6 (9 y) dmft = 0.6 (12 y) DMFT = 0.2 (6 y) DMFT = 0.9 (9 y) DMFT = 1.9 (12 y) |
Semi-urban living | + | Al- Darwish et al. [54] (CS) | Qatar | Permanent | 2113 | 12–14 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Multinomial logistic regression, Adjusted Odds Ratio | DCP = 85% DMFT (12 y) = 4.62 (SD 3.2) DMFT (13 y) = 4.79 (SD 3.5) DMFT (14 y) = 5.51 (SD 3.7) |
School type | ||||||||||
Public Schools | + | Farsi & Elkhodary [65] (CS) | KSA | Permanent | 801 | Mean age = 16.5 y (Grade 11) (M, F) | School | ASTDD (DT) | Mann- Whitney | DT boys = 3.9 (SD 3.5) DT girls = 4.9 (SD 3.7) |
Public Schools | + | Al-Malik et al. [57] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 987 | 2–5 y (M, F) | School | BASCD (dmft, dmfs) | Stepwise multiple logistic regression | DCP = 73% Rampant caries = 43% dmft = 4.8 dmfs = 12.7 |
Private schools | − | Sgan-Cohen et al. [53] (CS) | Palestine | Permanent | 286 | 12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate analysis | DMFT = 1.98 |
Public schools | + | Cinar & Murtomaa [74] (CS) | Turkey | Permanent | 611 | 10–12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFS) | T-test Chi-Square Logistic regression | DMFS = 4.44 (public school) DMFS = 2.64 (private school) |
Public schools | + | Cinar & Murtromaa [75] (CS) | Turkeym | Permanent | 611 | 10–12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | T-test Logistic regression | DMFT = 2.93 |