Table 4 Statistically significant dental related determinants/risk factors contributing to dental caries
Determinants | Association: positive ( +), negative (−)a | Author, year (study design) | Country | Type of dentition | N | Age group (gender)* | Study setting | Scoring system | Type/s of statistical analysis | Dental caries/scoring system |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tooth brushing frequency | ||||||||||
Tooth brushing-frequent (Primary, mixed) | − | Abbas et al. [20] (CS) | Egypt | Primary Mixed Permanent | 369 | 3–18 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, deft, DMFT) | Kruskal–Wallis, Spearman’s | DCP = 74% dmft = 3.23 (SD 4.07) deft = 4.21 (SD 3.21) DMFT = 1.04 (SD 1.56) |
Tooth brushing-frequent | − | Amanlou et al. [22] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 205 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT)b | Stepwise multiple regression | DCP = 49.3% DMFT = 0.99 (SD 0.13) |
Tooth brushing-frequent | − | Shaghaghian et al. [37] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 396 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 69.9% dmft = 3.88 |
Tooth brushing-frequent | − | Al-Mendalawi & Karam [40] (CC) | Iraq | Primary | 684 | < 6 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | dmft = 2.03 |
Tooth brushing-frequent | − | Bener et al. [55] (CS) | Qatar | Permanent | 1284 | 6–15 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 73% DMFT = 4.5 |
Tooth brushing-frequent | − | Namal et al. [81] (CS) | Turkey | Primary | 542 | 5–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multiple logistic regression | DCP = 76.8% dmft = 3.74 (SD 3.49) SiC = 7.75 (SD 2.56) |
Tooth brushing-frequent | − | Tulunoğlu et al. [84] (L)c | Turkey | Primary Permanent | 733 | 6–8 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dfs, DFS) | Chi-Square | dfs Baseline: GI:2.79, GII:3.12, GIII: 2.9 Dfs Final: GI: 2.14, GII:3.79, GIII: 3.69 DFS Baseline: GI: 0.16, GII: 0.20, GIII: 0.15 DFS Final: GI: 0.79, GII: 0.80 GIII: 1.46 |
Tooth brushing-frequent | − | Elamin et al. [89] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 186 | 1.5–4 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | T-test, Pearson’s | DCP: 41% dmft:1.7 (SD 2.81) |
Tooth brushing-frequent | − | Kowash et al. [91] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 540 | 4–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 74.1% dmft = 3.01 SiC = 13.3 |
Tooth brushing -irregular or no brushing | + | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Odds Ratios, Multivariate model logistic regression | DCP: 83% dmft = 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Tooth brushing -Irregular or no brushing | + | Paul [66] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 103 | 5 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | DCP = 83.5% dmft = 7.1 (SD 5.7) |
Tooth brushing initiation age | ||||||||||
Tooth brushing initiation -late | + | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Odds Ratios, Multivariate model logistic regression | DCP: 83% dmft 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Tooth brushing initiation -late | + | Al-Malik et al. [57] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 987 | 2–5 y (M, F) | School | BASCD | Stepwise multiple ogistic regression | DCP = 73% ECCP = 43% dmft = 4.8 dmfs = 12.7 |
Tooth brushing with adult help and aid | ||||||||||
Tooth brushing with adult help | − | Bashirian et al. [26] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 988 | 7–12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | ANOVA | DCP = 80.36% dmft = 3.61 DMFT = 0.79 |
Tooth brushing with adult help | − | Al-Malik et al. [57] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 987 | 2–5 y (M, F) | School | BASCD | Stepwise multiple logistic regression | DCP = 73% ECCP = 43% dmft = 4.8 dmfs = 12.7 |
Tooth brushing- with use of fluoridated toothpaste | − | Alghamdi & Almahdy [59] (CS) | KSA | Permanent | 610 | 14–16 y (M) | School | Not specified | Logistic regression | DCP = 54.1% |
Oral hygiene and practices attributes | ||||||||||
Oral hygiened (CAST score of ≥ 3 in primary molar teeth) | + | Babaei et al. [24] (CS) | Iran | Primary and Permanent molar teeth | 739 | 6–7 y (M, F) | School | CAST indexe | Multivariate logistic regression | Permanent molars: Healthy status in 89.3–93.7% of the teeth Primary molars: Morbidity status in 25.3 to 31.2% of the teeth Serious morbidity status with Pulp involvement in 2.9–10.5% of the teeth and abscess/fistula in < 1% of the teeth |
Oral Hygiene-dental plaque presence | + | Mohebbi et al. [33] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 504 | 12–36 m (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Logistic regression | ECCP: 12–15 m = 3% 16–19 m = 9% 20–25 m = 14% 26–36 m = 33% dmft = < 0.1 (12–15 m) dmft = 0.2 (16–19 m) dmft = 0.4(20–25 m) dmft = 1.2(26–36 m) |
Oral hygiene-poor | + | Al-Mutawa el al. [46] (CS) | Kuwait | Primary Permanent | 4588 | 5,6,12,14 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dft, DMFT, DFS) | Multivariate analysis | dft = 4.6 (5–6 y) DMFT = 0.4(6 y) DMFT = 2.6 (12 y) DMFT = 3.9 (14 y) DFS = 0.4 (6 y) DFS = 3.4 (12 y) DFS = 5.2 (14 y) |
Oral hygiene-poor | + | Amin & Al-Abad [62] (CS) | KSA | Permanent | 1115 | 10–14 y (M) | School | WHO | Stepwise logistic regression | DCP = 68.9% |
Oral hygiene-poor | + | Dashash & Blinkhorn [71] (CS) | Syria | Primary | 727 | 5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | Multiple logistic regression | DCP = 61% dmft = 3.27(3.71) |
Oral hygiene-poor | + | Jaghasi et al. [72] (CS) | Syria | Not specified | 504 | 6–12 y (M, F) | School | WHO | Logistic regression | DCP = 85% |
Oral practices-poor | + | Kowash et al. [91] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 540 | 4–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 74.1% dmft = 3.01 SiC = 13.3 |
Not feeling embarrassed when smiling | − | Ahmed et al. [41] (CS) | Iraq | Permanent | 392 | 12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | ANOVA | DCP = 62% DMFT = 1.7 |
Permanent dentition | + | Al-Mutawa el al. [46] (CS) | Kuwait | Primary Permanent | 4588 | 5,6,12,14 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dft, DMFT, DFS) | Multivariate analysis | dft = 4.6 (5–6 y) DMFT = 0.4 (6 y) DMFT = 2.6 (12 y) DMFT-3.9 (14 y) DFS = 0.4 (6 y) DFS = 3.4 (12 y) DFS = 5.2 (14 y) |
Dental services visits attributes | ||||||||||
Dental services-child’s first visit | − | Kabil & Eltawil [19] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 108 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO | Logistic regression | ECCP = 57% (2–3 y), ECCP = 73% (3–4 y) |
Dental visits-regular | − | Kabil and Eltawil [18] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 140 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO AAPD-ECC | Logistic regression | DMFT = 9.96 |
Dental visits-regular | − | Alhumaid et al. [61] (CS) | KSA | Primary Permanent | 921 | 6–12 y (M, F) | School | Basic screening survey | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 63.5% |
Dental services -not attending for preventive measures | + | Dashash & Blinkhorn [71] (CS) | Syria | Primary | 727 | 5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | Multiple logistic regression | DCP = 61% dmft = 3.27 (SD 3.71) |
Dental visits- for pain complaints/dental problems | + | Shaghaghian et al. [37] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 396 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 69.9% dmft = 3.88 |
Dental visits- for pain complaints/dental problems | + | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Odds Ratios, Multivariate model logistic regression | DCP: 83% dmft = 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Dental visits | Unclear | Khadri et al. [90] (CS) | UAE | Permanent | 803 | 11–17 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate regression | DCP = 75% DMFT = 3.19 (SD 2.9) |
Parental oral health status and knowledge attributes | ||||||||||
Parental dental caries status | + | Yazdani et al. 2018 [39] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 258 | 5–15 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | Pearson’s | dmft = 6.33 (SD3.80) DMFT = 1.48 (SD1.90) |
Parental knowledge on oral hygiene | − | Yazdani et al. [39] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 258 | 5–15 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | Pearson’s | dmft = 6.33 (SD3.80) DMFT = 1.48 (SD1.90) |
Mother’s caries experience | + | Kabil & Eltawil [18] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 140 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT) AAPD | Logistic regression | DMFT = 9.96 |
Mother’s current caries experience | + | Kabil & Eltawil [19] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 108 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO | Logistic regression | ECCP = 57% (2–3 y), 73% (3–4 y) |
Parental knowledge on oral hygiene | − | Kowash et al. [91] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 540 | 4–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 74.1% dmft = 3.01 SiC = 13.3 |