Table 1 General characteristics of participants
Characteristics | Total participants | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Periodontitis | Control | ||
Age (mean ± SD) | 54.8 ± 7.9 | 53.0 ± 8.3 |  < 0.001* |
Sex (n, %) |  |  |  < 0.001†|
 Men | 3852 (38.6) | 43,409 (34.6) |  |
 Women | 6117 (61.4) | 81,915 (65.4) |  |
BMI (mean ± SD: kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 23.9 ± 2.9 |  < 0.001* |
Income (n, %) |  |  |  < 0.001†|
 Missing, no response | 766 (7.7) | 10,854 (8.7) |  |
 Lowest | 3435 (34.5) | 35,590 (28.4) |  |
 Middle | 3675 (36.9) | 49,421 (39.4) |  |
 Highest | 2093 (21.0) | 29,459 (23.5) |  |
Smoking status (n, %) |  |  |  < 0.001†|
 Non-smoker | 6685 (67.1) | 91,121 (72.7) |  |
 Past smoker | 1796 (18.0) | 18,593 (14.8) |  |
 Current smoker | 1488 (14.9) | 15,610 (12.5) |  |
Alcohol consumption (n, %) |  |  |  < 0.001†|
 Non-drinker | 4784 (48.0) | 64,037 (51.1) |  |
 Past drinker | 475 (4.8) | 4537 (3.6) |  |
Current drinker | 4710 (47.2) | 56,750 (45.3) | Â |
Nutritional intake (mean ± SD) |  |  |  |
 Total calories (kcal/d) | 1760.1 ± 580.5 | 1749.4 ± 569.4 | 0.073 |
 Protein (g/d) | 58.9 ± 26.6 | 59.8 ± 26.4 | 0.002* |
 Fat (g/d) | 27.5 ± 18.5 | 28.3 ± 18.2 |  < 0.001* |
 Carbohydrate (g/d) | 315.0 ± 95.2 | 310.0 ± 92.8 |  < 0.001* |
 Calcium (mg/d) | 446.3 ± 264.2 | 447.3 ± 266.1 | 0.712* |
 Phosphorus (mg/d) | 889.7 ± 369.5 | 896.4 ± 367.3 | 0.082* |
 Potassium (mg/d) | 2243.9 ± 1095.1 | 2253.7 ± 1075.8 | 0.380* |
Osteoporosis (n, %) | 1255 | 7867 |  < 0.001†|
Fracture (n, %) | 1824 | 14,926 |  < 0.001†|