Fig. 1

Experimental procedures for generating the intraradicular biofilm pig model. a CRP measurements were made at 0, 2, and 6 weeks after the pulpectomy to evaluate the inflammatory conditions in the pigs. Root canal irrigation was performed at 6 weeks. Micro-CT scanning, quantification of bacteria, and SEM analysis were performed to evaluate the periapical bone defect and intracanal infection. b A periapical radiograph (PA) taken prior to the pulpectomy. c The access cavity was exposed to enable bacterial contamination from the oral environment. d Working lengths were determined from the PAs. e The access cavity was sealed with cement and composite resin at 2 weeks and maintained for a further 4 weeks. CRP: C-reactive protein assay