From: Immunoglobulin G4-related periodontitis: case report and review of the literature
Disease | Etiology | Clinical features | Histopathological features |
---|---|---|---|
Allergenic factors: food, toothpaste, tobacco | Short duration, intensely erythematous gingiva and/or ulceration | A large infiltration of plasma cells | |
Drug-induced gingival Enlargements [29] | Dental plaque, drugs including Phenytoin, Cyclosporine, Nifedipine, Verapamil | Long-term medication history, generalized pale and pink gingivae, tough texture, slightly elastic, hard to bleed | Significant thickened stratum spinosum |
Hereditary gingival Fibromatosis [30] | Mutation localized to 2p21-p22&5q13-q22; Mutation of “Son of Sevenless” genes [31, 32] | Generalized fibrous gingival enlargement of tuberosities, anterior free/attached gingiva retro-molar pads | Significant thickened stratum spinosum, a large number of fibroblasts |
Epulis [33] | Dental plaque; hormone; Trauma | Local swelling, bleeding, recurrence | Fibroblasts, granulomatous cells |
Dental plaque, heredity, age, gender, smoking | Deep pocket, periodontal attachment loss | Various inflammatory cells | |
Gingival swelling with leukemia [34] | Immunosuppression due to malignant transformation of leukocyte production in the bone marrow | Gingival swelling and bleeding due to leukemic cell infiltration. Ulceration and necrosis on gingiva and tooth mobility | Primarily undifferentiated leukocytes |