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Table 1 Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of common gingival swelling

From: Immunoglobulin G4-related periodontitis: case report and review of the literature

Disease

Etiology

Clinical features

Histopathological features

Plasma cell granuloma [6, 28]

Allergenic factors: food, toothpaste, tobacco

Short duration, intensely erythematous gingiva and/or ulceration

A large infiltration of plasma cells

Drug-induced gingival Enlargements [29]

Dental plaque, drugs including Phenytoin, Cyclosporine, Nifedipine, Verapamil

Long-term medication history, generalized pale and pink gingivae, tough texture, slightly elastic, hard to bleed

Significant thickened stratum spinosum

Hereditary gingival Fibromatosis [30]

Mutation localized to 2p21-p22&5q13-q22; Mutation of “Son of Sevenless” genes [31, 32]

Generalized fibrous gingival enlargement of tuberosities, anterior free/attached gingiva retro-molar pads

Significant thickened stratum spinosum, a large number of fibroblasts

Epulis [33]

Dental plaque; hormone; Trauma

Local swelling, bleeding, recurrence

Fibroblasts, granulomatous cells

Periodontitis [11, 14]

Dental plaque, heredity, age, gender, smoking

Deep pocket, periodontal attachment loss

Various inflammatory cells

Gingival swelling with leukemia [34]

Immunosuppression due to malignant transformation of leukocyte production in the bone marrow

Gingival swelling and bleeding due to leukemic cell infiltration. Ulceration and necrosis on gingiva and tooth mobility

Primarily undifferentiated leukocytes