Table 3 Associations between D3MFS (decayed, missing, filled surfaces) in the caries surface-based susceptibility hierarchy groups and their potential determinants, according to univariable and multivariable linear regression models with robust confidence intervals (95%CI) and significance (p values) among 35–74-year-olds (N = 946)
| Determinants | Caries experience (D3MFS) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | |||||||||||||
|
Crude β p value (95%CI) |
Adjusted β p value (95%CI) |
Crude β p value (95% CI) |
Adjusted β p value (95% CI) |
Crude β p value (95%CI) |
Adjusted β p value (95%CI) |
Crude β p value (95% CI) |
Adjusted β p value (95%CI) | |||||||||
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Fluoride level in drinking water | Lower-level < 0.7 ppm | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Higher-level ≥ 0.7 ppm |
− 0.15, 0.194 (− 0.38; 0.09) |
− 0.23, 0.035 (− 0.44; − 0.001) |
− 0.13, 0.615 (− 0.61; 0.36) |
− 0.44, 0.034 (− 0.82; − 0.07) |
− 0.49, 0.267 (− 1.4; 0.38) |
− 1.14, 0.002 (− 1.88; − 0.41) |
− 3.21, 0.098 (− 7.02; 0.59) |
− 6.28, 0.001 (− 9.29; − 3.30) | ||||||||
| Age/10 years | Continuous |
0.29, 0.0001 (0.22; 0.36) |
0.28, 0.001 (0.20; 0.36) |
2.00, 0.0001 (1.05; 1.35) |
1.20, 0.001 (1.05; 1.35) |
2.47, 0.0001 (2.21; 2.74) |
2.42, 0.001 (2.16; 2.66) |
12.29, 0.0001 (11.21; 13.36) |
12.05, 0.001 (10.84; 13.23) | |||||||
| Sex | Males | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Females |
0.47, 0.0001 (0.28; 0.65) |
0.50, 0.001 (0.30; 0.72) |
1.17, 0.0001 (0.76; 1.59) |
1.28, 0.001 (0.86; 1.73) |
1.61, 0.0001 (0.86; 2.35) |
1.80, 0.001 (1.11; 2.47) |
3.94, 0.018 (0.67; 7.22) |
4.98, 0.003 (2.36; 7.95) | ||||||||
| Education | Higher: 4 years or more | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Higher: < 4 years |
0.36, 0.009 (0.09; 0.64) |
0.12, 0.408 (− 0.16; 0.40) |
0.89, 0.005 (0.28; 1.51) |
− 0.12, 0.691 (− 0.73; 0.49) |
2.38, 0.0001 (1.30; 3.47) |
0.36, 0.426 (− 0.62; 1.35) |
7.91, 0.001 (3.18; 12.65) |
− 2.09, 0.231 (− 5.58; 1.42) | ||||||||
| Secondary school or less |
0.50, 0.001 (0.22; 0.79) |
0.23, 0.141 (− 0.11; 0.57) |
1.46, 0.0001 (0.82; 2.10) |
0.24, 0.403 (− 0.45; 0.93) |
3.80, 0.0001 (2.67; 4.93) |
1.23, 0.025 (0.06; 2.31) |
16.17, 0.0001 (11.25; 21.09) |
2.80, 0.158 (− 1.55; 6.93) | ||||||||
| Residency | Peri-urban/rural | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Urban |
− 0.33, 0.001 (− 0.52; − 0.13) |
− 0.12. 0.283 (− 0.09; 0.30) |
− 0.73, 0.002 (− 1.19; − 0.28) |
− 0.08, 0.690 (− 0.50; 0.33) |
− 1.67, 0.0001 (− 2.48; − 0.87) |
− 0.37, 0.317 (− 1.08; 0.31) |
− 6.75, 0.0001 (− 10.27; − 3.23) |
− 1.35, 0.406 (− 4.43; 1.71) | ||||||||
| Oral health-related behaviors | ||||||||||||||||
| Tooth brushing frequency | Twice a day or more | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Once a day or less |
0.07, 0.446 (− 0.11; 0.24) |
0.10, 0.283 (− 0.9; 0.30) |
0.32, 0.116 (− 0.08; 0.72) |
0.40, 0.028 (0.05; 0.75) | 0.78, 0.030 (0.07; 1.49) |
0.63, 0.060 (− 0.02; 1.30) |
4.24, 0.007 (1.15; 7.33) |
2.21, 0.094 (− 0.71; 4.96) | ||||||||
| Using fluoridated toothpaste | Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| No |
0.06, 0.668 (− 0.20; 0.31) |
− 0.04, 0.708 (− 0.27; 0.18) |
0.49, 0.095 (− 0.09; 1.07) |
0.09, 0.704 (− 0.41; 0.59) |
1.02, 0.053 (− 0.01; 2.05) |
0.11, 0.808 (− 0.72; 0.94) |
8.68, 0.0001 (4.21; 13.16) |
4.23, 0.029 (0.52; 8.21) | ||||||||
| Don’t know |
0.10, 0.302 (− 0.09; 0.30) |
0.03, 0.767 (− 0.15; 0.21) |
0.17, 0.469 (− 0.28; 0.61) |
− 0.12, 0.569 (− 0.52; 0.28) |
0.51, 0.208 (− 0.29; 1.31) |
− 0.09, 0.820 (− 0.71; 0.52) |
4.46, 0.010 (1.10; 8.02)) |
1.73, 0.230 (− 0.98; 4.66) | ||||||||
| Consumption of sugar- containing foods | Low | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Moderate |
− 0.01, 0.994 (− 0.21; 0.21) |
0.09, 0.406 (− 0.11; 0.29) |
− 0.08, 0.784 (− 0.56; 0.41) |
0.23, 0.307 (− 0.21; 0.60) |
− 0.23, 0.595 (− 1.10; 0.63) |
0.45, 0.226 (− 0.27; 1.12) |
0.50, 0.794 (0− 3.27; 4.27)) |
4.06, 0.007 (0.72; 7.17) | ||||||||
| High |
0.07, 0.586 (− 0.17; 0.30) |
0.23, 0.067 (0.00; 0.46) |
− 0.04, 0.894 (− 0.57; 0.50) |
0.55, 0.038 (0.02; 1.08) |
− 0.17, 0.734 (− 1.12; 0.79) |
0.96, 0.031 (0.07; 1.76) |
− 0.49, 0.818 (− 4.65; 3.67) |
4.67, 0.011 (1.33; 8.10) | ||||||||
| Last dental visit | 12 months ago or less | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| More than 12 months ago |
0.04, 0.682 (− 0.16; 0.24) |
0.11, 0.302 (− 0.08; 0.31) |
0.02, 0.925 (− 0.43; 0.47) |
0.35, 0.119 (− 0.07; 0.80) |
− 0.22, 0.591 (− 1.02; 0.58) |
0.49, 0.174 (− 0.17; 1.09) |
− 5.50, 0.002 (− 8.97; − 2.04) |
− 1.87, 0.230 (− 4.97; 0.91) | ||||||||
| R2 | 0.102 | 0.247 | 0.310 | 0.310 | 0.387 | |||||||||||