Fig. 3
From: Streptococcus salivarius inhibits immune activation by periodontal disease pathogens
S. salivarius reduction of pathogen stimulated cytokine release. IL-6 (a) and IL-8 (b) release from primary human gingival fibroblasts induced by P. gingivalis (PG); A. actinomycetemcomitans (AA); F. nucleatum (FN) when co-incubated with S. salivarius K12 (K12) or M18 (M18). IL-6 (c) and IL-8 (d) release from gingival fibroblasts induced by the oral pathogens when S. salivarius K12 (K12-Pretreated) or M18 (M18-Pretreated) were added as a pre-treatment to the fibroblasts 30 min prior to pathogen challenge. Samples were analysed using a two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test within each pathogen group (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Error bars represent ± standard error of the mean