Table 1 Study characteristics table
References | Study type | Type of procedure/groups | Site of procedure | No. of patients | Follow-up | Evaluated criteria | Use of analgesics | Effect of PBM on Healing | Effect of PBM on pain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kohale et al. [20] | Split-mouth | Gingival enlargement; gingivectomy G1: Gingivectomy with LLLT G2: Gingivectomy without LLLT | Maxillary and mandibular anterior region (bilaterally symmetrical) | G1:40 G2:40 | Days 3, 7, 30 | Surface epithelialization: staining with methylene blue Pain: Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Healing Index scores (HI) | In case of pain; any medication if required | Enhanced wound healing | Reduced post-operative pain and discomfort |
Vieira et al. [40] | Parallel | Free gingival grafting; palate donor site G1: Application of LED laser on donor site G2: No additional treatment | NM | G1:5 G2:5 | days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, and 21 | Wound healing by peroxide test Pain: VAS | Paracetamol 500 mg (if necessary) | Enhanced wound healing | Reduced post-operative pain and discomfort |
Lingamaneni et al. [42] | Split‑mouth | G1: Gingivectomy/Gingivoplasty + Diode laser G2: Gingivectomy/Gingivoplasty | Bulbous or over contoured gingiva in either of the jaws with a minimum of six teeth affected | G1:10 G2:10 | Days 3, 7, 14 | Healing index by Landry et al Complete epithelialization; staining by a plaque‑disclosing agent (2‑Tone disclosing tablets, Young, USA) | Ibuprofen (in case of pain; but not more than thrice a day.) | Enhanced wound healing | Not Examined |
Heidari et al. [19] | Split-mouth | Free gingival grafting; palate donor site G1: Donor site received diode laser G2: Donor site received placebo laser therapy | Palate | G1:12 G2:12 | Epithelialization of donor site: days 7, 14, 21, and 30 VAS: in the day of surgery, then every day until day 12 | Epithelialization of donor site Clinical Healing (CH), NSAID intake Pain: VAS | Gelofen 400 mg (Jaber EbneHayan, Iran) | Enhanced wound healing | No effect on post-operative pain |
Ustaoglu et al. [17] | Parallel | Free gingival grafting; palate donor site G1: PBM of donor site G2: Sham laser application | Palate; canine to the first molar | G1:20 G2:20 | Days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 | Epithelialization: H2O2 bubbling test Wound Healing Index: WHI Pain: VAS Bleeding, palatal tissue consistency, color match, tissue thickness Number of analgesics | Paracetamol 500 mg (if needed) | Enhanced wound healing | Not Examined |
Chawla et al. [44] | Split-mouth | Depigmentation G1: Surgical Stripping + LLLT G2: Surgical Stripping | Sites extending from right canine to the midline and left canine to the midline of the maxilla or mandible | G1:15 G2:15 | Days 3, 7, and15 | Wound healing: erythrosine solution Pain: VAS | Paracetamol 500 mg (in case of pain; continued maximum for 2 days.) | Enhanced wound healing | No effect on post-operative pain |
Keskiner et al. [43] | Parallel | Free gingival grafting; palate donor site G1: PBM on donor site G2: PBM sham on donor site | Palate; canine to the first molar | G1:15 G2:15 | days 7, and 12 | TGF-b1, PDGF-BB, and IL-8 levels | NM | Enhanced wound healing | Not Examined |
Ozcelik et al. [41] | Split-mouth | Gingival hyperplasia; Gingivectomy and gingivoplasty G1: Adjunctive LLLT in one side G2: No additional treatment | Gingiva at the maxillary or mandibular anterior region | G1:20 G2:20 | days 1, 3, 7, and 15 | Wound healing: disclosing solution (Mira-2-tone, GMBH & Co., Duisburg, Germany) Swelling, bleeding, edema, plaque | Naproxen sodium | Enhanced wound healing | Not Examined |
Amorim et al. [30] | Split-mouth | Gingivectomy G1: Adjunctive LLLT in one side G2: No additional treatment on the other side | Bilateral mandibular and maxillary bicuspid teeth | G1:20 G2:20 | Immediately post-operative and at days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 | Wound healing examined by three periodontists Attached gingiva, probing depth, keratinized gingiva | NM | Enhanced wound healing | Not Examined |
Isler et al. [34] | Parallel | Free gingival grafting; palate donor site G1: Diode laser PBM G2: Ozone therapy G3: Neither PBM nor ozone therapy | Palate | G1:12 G2:12 G3:12 | Days 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, and 30 | Wound healing: 3% hydrogen peroxide Pain: VAS | Flurbiprofen 100 mg tablets (Majezik; Sanovel, Istanbul, Turkey) (in case of pain; up to thrice a day for a week) | No significant improvement | Reduced post-operative pain and discomfort |
Damante et al. [32] | Split-mouth | Gingivoplasty G1: Diode laser LLLT G2: No irradiation | Keratinized mucosa regions of teeth 11, 12, and 13 or 41, 42, and 43 | G1:16 G2:16 | days 7, 14, 21, and 60 | Incisional biopsies: morphometric analysis of the gingival epithelial and connective tissue | NM | No significant improvement | Not Examined |
Damante et al. [33] | Split-mouth | Gingivoplasty G1: Diode laser LLLT G2: No irradiation | Keratinized mucosa regions of teeth 11, 12, and 13 or 41, 42, and 43 | G1:11 G2:11 | Days 7, 15, 21, 30, and 60 | Gingival color, texture, and contour | NM | No significant improvement | Not Examined |