Table 2 Laser characteristics table
References | Type of laser | Wavelength (nm) | Mode | Output power (W) | Total exposure time (s) (n × t) Exposure time per point/session | Total energy (J) | Beam diameter (µm-mm)/Probe spot size (cm2) | Energy density (J/cm2) | Distance to intervention site | Method of application | Frequency of laser treatment/Number of irradiation sessions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kohale et al. [20] | Diode InGaAsP (Biolase—iLase‑7400040‑0XX) | 940 | Continuous | 0.1 | 360 (120 × 3) (40 per point × 3 points 120 s in each session) | 12 | 1 cm2 | 4 per teeth (3 points) | 1–2 cm | In a circular motion 3 points were irradiated in each session 1cm2 area over each tooth | Instantly post-surgery, 3, and 7 days later/3 |
Vieira et al. [40] | LED (details not mentioned.) | 650 | NM | 5 | NM | NM | NM | 4 per point (2 points) | NM | A biostimulation probe was used on the surgical site | Instantly post-surgery, 48 h, and 72 h later/3 |
Lingamaneni et al. [42] | Diode (λ = 810 nm Picasso diode laser, AMD lasers, Indianapolis, USA) | 810 | Continuous | 0.1 | 1200 (4 × 300) 300 | 120 | NM | NM | Noncontact (not mentioned the value) | Test site was exposed with a diode laser at a power of 0.1 W; used in a continuous wave, non-contact mode | Instantly post-surgery, 7, and 14 days later/4 |
Heidari et al. [19] | Diode (THOR® Laser, London, UK) | 660 | Continuous | 0.2 | 160 (5 × 32) 32 | 32 | 5 mm | 4 per point (8 points) | Slight contact | The laser was directed vertically with minor contact with the intervention site | Instantly post-surgery, 1, 2, 4 and 7 days later/5 |
Ustaoglu et al. [17] | Diode GaAlAs (Calibrated by Ezlase; Biolase_ Technology, Inc., _Istanbul, Turkey) | 940 | Continuous, the pulse interval size was 0.10 ms, and the pulse length was 0.05 ms | 3 | 32 (4 × 8) 8 | Total applied energy was 24 J (energy over the actual wound area was 7.2 J) | 2.8 cm2 | 8.6 | 1 mm | The handpiece was situated vertically at a distance of 1 mm at the top of the intervention area | 4 times (48 h interval) |
Chawla et al. [44] | Diode (Details not mentioned) | 810 | Continuous | 1 | 1200 (4 × 300) | 1200 | NM | NM | 1 mm | To avoid the scattering of the beam to the contrary side, stents were prepared prior to the operation using putty impression material to conceal the control sites during the PBM procedure | LLLT procedure was repeated each day until the 7th day |
Keskiner et al. [43] | Nd:YAG (Fotona Fidelis III, Ljubljana, Slovenia) | 1064 | Continuous | 0.25 | 50 (5 × 10) | 12 | 0.28cm2 | 1.6 per point (5 points) | 1 cm | A biostimulation probe was used on the surgical site | Instantly post-surgery, first, second, third, and fourth days later/5 |
Ozcelik et al. [41] | Diode (ULOCKS, VSMA Lab, Voronezh, Russia) | 588 | Continuous | 0.12 | 2400 (8 × 300) | 288 | NM | 4 | Contact | PBM was used on one side of the surgical area with minor contact | Instantly post-surgery, and daily for 7 days/8 |
Amorim et al. [30] | Diode (Model IR 500; Laser Beam, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) | 685 | Continuous | 0.05 | 320 (4 × 80) | 16 | 2 mm | 4 | Contact | The irradiation was made while holding the delivery tip perpendicular to the tissue surface | Instantly post-surgery, 24 h, 3rd, and 7th days/4 |
Isler et al. [34] | Diode ( λ = 970 ± 15 nm, 14 W source power; SIRO Laser Xtend, Sirona Dental Systems GmbH, Bensheim, Germany) | 970 | Continuous | 2 | 120 (4 × 30) 30 | 240 | 4 mm | 5.25 per point (5 points) | 1 mm | A biostimulation probe was used on the test site | Instantly post-surgery, 1, 3, and 7 days later/4 |
Damante et al. [32] | Diode GaAlAs | 670 | NM | 0.015 | NM | NM | 4 mm | 4 per point (3 points) | Contact | Diode laser was used in the punctual mode with slight contact to three points | Every 48 h for 1 week, for a total of four sessions/4 |
Damante et al. [33] | Diode GaAlAs | 670 | NM | NM | NM | NM | 4 mm | 4 per point (3 points) | Contact | Diode laser was used in the punctual mode with slight contact to three points | Every 48 h for 1 week, for a total of four sessions/4 |